Papal infallibility

G.P.A.Healy, Portrait of Pope Pius IX (1871)

Illustration for Papal Infallibility page 131 Christ in His Church by Lucas Caspar Businger

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Baroque Rubens Assumption-of-Virgin-3

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Pope Benedict Supporters by David Shankbone

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Leo-XIII Stummel

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Papal Infallibility is a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that states the Pope, when speaking ex cathedra (from the chair of Saint Peter), is preserved from the possibility of error on doctrines of faith and morals. This concept is rooted in the belief that the Pope is the successor to Saint Peter, whom Christians believe was appointed by Jesus as the head of his disciples (the Apostles) and thus the first leader of the church.

Biblical Foundation

The doctrine is often associated with Matthew 16:18-19, where Jesus is believed to have said to Peter, "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven." This passage is interpreted by supporters of papal infallibility as granting Peter and his successors a special position of authority within the church.

Historical Development

The formal definition of papal infallibility was made at the First Vatican Council in 1870, but the roots of the concept can be traced back to the early centuries of the church. Throughout history, there have been various instances where popes have made authoritative statements on faith and morals. However, it was not until the 19th century that the doctrine was clearly defined and officially adopted as a matter of church dogma.

Conditions of Infallibility

For a papal statement to be considered infallible, several conditions must be met: 1. The Pope must be speaking ex cathedra. 2. The statement must pertain to matters of faith and morals. 3. The declaration must be intended to be held by the whole church.

It is important to note that not everything the Pope says is considered infallible. The conditions of infallibility are strictly defined, and the Pope is only infallible when he meets these criteria.

Controversies and Misconceptions

The doctrine of papal infallibility has been a subject of controversy both within and outside the Catholic Church. Critics argue that it places too much authority in the hands of one individual and can lead to abuses of power. Additionally, there are misconceptions about the scope of infallibility, with some believing it implies the Pope is incapable of sin or error in any aspect of life, which is not the case.

Examples of Infallible Declarations

There have been very few instances where a Pope has spoken ex cathedra. One of the most notable examples is the proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary by Pope Pius IX in 1854, and the Assumption of Mary by Pope Pius XII in 1950.

Conclusion

Papal infallibility remains a fundamental aspect of Roman Catholic theology, emphasizing the Pope's role as the supreme authority on matters of faith and morals. While it has been a source of debate and misunderstanding, it is a doctrine that underscores the Catholic Church's commitment to doctrinal purity and unity.