Para-Octopamine

Para-Octopamine is a naturally occurring biogenic amine that is structurally related to norepinephrine. It is found in small amounts in the human body and in larger amounts in some invertebrates, particularly insects. Para-Octopamine is also used as a dietary supplement and is believed to have fat-burning and performance-enhancing effects.

Chemistry

Para-Octopamine is a phenethylamine derivative with the chemical formula C8H11NO2. It is a chiral compound and can exist in two enantiomeric forms, R-(-)-octopamine and S-(+)-octopamine. The R-(-)-enantiomer is the naturally occurring form and is more biologically active.

Biosynthesis and Metabolism

Para-Octopamine is synthesized from tyramine by the enzyme tyramine beta-hydroxylase. This reaction requires oxygen and ascorbic acid as cofactors. Once synthesized, para-octopamine can be metabolized by various enzymes, including monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

Biological Effects

In the human body, para-octopamine acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It binds to adrenergic receptors, particularly beta-3 adrenergic receptors, and stimulates the release of norepinephrine. This can lead to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels. In insects, para-octopamine plays a crucial role in the regulation of behavior, including locomotion, feeding, and reproduction.

Use as a Dietary Supplement

Para-Octopamine is used as a dietary supplement for weight loss and performance enhancement. It is believed to stimulate fat burning and increase energy expenditure by activating beta-3 adrenergic receptors. However, the safety and efficacy of para-octopamine supplements are not well established, and their use is banned by some sports organizations.

Safety and Toxicity

High doses of para-octopamine can cause side effects such as increased heart rate, high blood pressure, and anxiety. It can also interact with certain medications, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and beta-blockers. Para-Octopamine is classified as a doping agent by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and its use is banned in competitive sports.

See Also

• Phenethylamine
• Norepinephrine
• Adrenergic receptor
• Doping in sport