Vertebrates
Vertebrates are a large group of chordates (animals with backbones) that includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. They are characterized by having a vertebral column, or backbone, and a complex nervous system that includes a brain and spinal cord.
Characteristics[edit | edit source]
Vertebrates are distinguished by their vertebral column, or backbone, which supports the body and encloses the spinal cord. The backbone is made up of a series of vertebrae, each of which is a complex structure that protects the spinal cord and provides attachment points for muscles.
Vertebrates also have a well-developed nervous system, which includes a brain and spinal cord. The brain is responsible for coordinating the body's activities, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
Classification[edit | edit source]
Vertebrates are classified into five main groups:
- Mammals: These are warm-blooded vertebrates that have hair or fur and produce milk to feed their young. Examples include humans, dogs, and whales.
- Birds: These are warm-blooded vertebrates that have feathers, lay hard-shelled eggs, and have a high metabolic rate. Examples include eagles, penguins, and sparrows.
- Reptiles: These are cold-blooded vertebrates that have scales or scutes and lay soft-shelled eggs. Examples include snakes, turtles, and crocodiles.
- Amphibians: These are cold-blooded vertebrates that spend part of their lives in water and part on land. They have smooth, moist skin and lay eggs in water. Examples include frogs, salamanders, and newts.
- Fish: These are cold-blooded vertebrates that live in water and have gills for breathing. They have scales and lay eggs in water. Examples include sharks, salmon, and seahorses.
Evolution[edit | edit source]
The first vertebrates appeared during the Cambrian explosion, about 540 million years ago. These early vertebrates were small, soft-bodied creatures with simple backbones. Over time, vertebrates evolved into a wide variety of forms, from tiny hummingbirds to massive blue whales.
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
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