Pen

Carandache Ecridor

Macro Biro tip

Gel pen versus ballpoint pen

GelPen

Fude pen

Pen is a common writing instrument used to apply ink to a surface, usually paper, for writing or drawing. Historically, reed pens, quill pens, and dip pens were used, with a nib dipped in ink. Modern versions include ballpoint, rollerball, fountain, and felt or ceramic tip pens.

History

The history of the pen is marked by the evolution from primitive tools to the modern writing instruments we use today. Early humans used reed pens made from bamboo or reeds, cutting them into a pointed shape. The quill pen, made from a flight feather of a large bird, was used from the 6th to the 19th century. The metal-nibbed pen replaced the quill pen after the invention of the printing press. The fountain pen, which includes an internal reservoir of water-based ink, came into use in the 19th century. The 20th century saw the invention of the ballpoint pen, which uses a rotating ball bearing to dispense oil-based ink.

Types of Pens

Ballpoint Pen

A ballpoint pen dispenses oil-based ink by rolling a small hard sphere, usually 0.7–1.2 mm and made of brass, steel, or tungsten carbide. The ink dries almost immediately after contact with paper.

Rollerball Pen

Rollerball pens use water-based liquid or gelled ink, which allows for a smoother writing experience compared to ballpoint pens. The ink flows freely in comparison to ballpoint pens, requiring less pressure to write.

Fountain Pen

A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through a nib. The ink flows from a reservoir through a "feed" to the nib, then through capillary action onto the paper. Fountain pens are valued for their smooth writing style and are often considered a luxury item.

Felt or Ceramic Tip Pen

These pens have a tip made of porous, pressed fibers (felt) or a ceramic tip. They are often used for drawing and calligraphy, offering a wide range of line widths and colors.

Ink

The ink used in pens has varied over time, from natural dyes and soot-based inks to modern synthetic inks. The type of ink used depends on the pen design, with oil-based inks used in ballpoint pens and water-based inks in fountain and rollerball pens.

Cultural Impact

Pens have played a crucial role in literacy, education, and the arts. They have been instrumental in the spread of knowledge, the signing of historic documents, and the creation of art. The pen has also become a symbol of communication, expression, and personal style.

Environmental Considerations

The environmental impact of disposable pens has become a concern, leading to increased interest in refillable pens, sustainable materials, and recycling programs.

See Also

• Ink
• Paper
• Calligraphy
• Writing

Pen Resources
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