Penitrem A

Penitrem A

0Penitrem A is a mycotoxin produced by various species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi. It is a potent neurotoxin that acts by inhibiting potassium channels, leading to increased neuronal excitability and potentially fatal neurotoxicosis.

Chemistry

Penitrem A is a tremorgenic mycotoxin, a group of neurotoxic compounds that induce tremors in affected animals. It is a complex molecule with a molecular formula of C37H45NO6. The structure of Penitrem A includes a unique indole-diterpenoid skeleton, which is responsible for its neurotoxic properties.

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of Penitrem A involves a series of enzymatic reactions carried out by the producing fungi. The process begins with the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to paspaline, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of Penitrem A and other indole-diterpenoids. The biosynthetic pathway of Penitrem A is a subject of ongoing research.

Toxicity

Penitrem A exerts its toxic effects by inhibiting the activity of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. This inhibition leads to increased neuronal excitability, which can result in symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and seizures. In severe cases, Penitrem A poisoning can be fatal.

Exposure and Treatment

Exposure to Penitrem A typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or feed. The toxin is resistant to heat and cannot be destroyed by cooking. Treatment of Penitrem A poisoning is primarily supportive and may include the use of anticonvulsant drugs to control seizures.

See Also

• Mycotoxin
• Neurotoxin
• Aspergillus
• Penicillium

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