Photolyase

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Photolyase is an enzyme that repairs DNA damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) light. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the DNA repair mechanisms that maintain the stability and integrity of genetic information. Photolyases are found in bacteria, archaea, and most eukaryotes, excluding placental mammals, including humans. They utilize blue light energy to cleave the bonds formed between adjacent thymine bases in DNA that have been damaged by UV light, resulting in the formation of thymine dimers. This repair process is known as photoreactivation.

Mechanism

Photolyase binds to the DNA at the site of a thymine dimer and absorbs blue light through its light-harvesting cofactor, which can be either a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or a deazaflavin, and a secondary antenna pigment, such as methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF). The absorbed light energy is transferred to the FADH^- (reduced FAD), which becomes excited and transfers an electron to the thymine dimer. This electron transfer initiates the cleavage of the cyclobutane ring linking the thymine bases, thereby restoring the DNA to its original state.

Classification

Photolyases are classified into two main types based on the type of damage they repair:

• Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer (CPD) Photolyases: Repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are the direct linkage of two pyrimidines, typically thymine or cytosine.
• (6-4) Photoproduct Photolyases: Repair (6-4) photoproducts, which are another form of UV-induced DNA damage where a bond is formed between the 6th and 4th carbon atoms of adjacent pyrimidines.

Evolution and Distribution

The distribution of photolyase across different organisms suggests an ancient origin, likely predating the divergence of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. However, the absence of photolyase in placental mammals indicates a loss of this repair mechanism during evolution. This loss is compensated by the presence of nucleotide excision repair pathways that can also repair UV-induced DNA damage but without the requirement for light.

Clinical Significance

The absence of photolyase in humans and other placental mammals contributes to our susceptibility to skin cancer and other skin damages caused by UV light. Research into photolyase has led to the development of topical treatments containing photolyase derived from bacteria and plants for use in preventing and repairing UV-induced DNA damage in human skin.

Future Directions

Ongoing research aims to better understand the mechanism of photolyase and its potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. This includes the development of gene therapy strategies to introduce photolyase into human cells and the use of photolyase as a bioindicator for UV radiation damage in environmental monitoring.