Pinguicula

Pinguicula moranensis

PinguiculaCyclosectaWinter

Pinguicula cyclosecta summer

Pinguicula with prey

Pinguicula vector en

Pinguicula vulgaris flower (side view) - Keila

Pinguicula, commonly known as butterworts, is a genus of carnivorous plants that belong to the family Lentibulariaceae. The name Pinguicula is derived from the Latin word pinguis, which means "fat", referring to the greasy feel of the leaves. Butterworts are found in a variety of habitats across the Americas, Europe, and Asia, with a high concentration of species in Central and South America.

Description

Pinguicula species are characterized by their rosettes of flat, fleshy leaves which are covered in glandular hairs. These hairs secrete a sticky mucilage that traps small insects and other prey. The edges of the leaves may curl over the trapped prey, enhancing digestion and absorption of nutrients. Most species undergo a seasonal change, producing carnivorous leaves during the wet season and non-carnivorous leaves during the dry season to conserve energy.

Habitat and Distribution

Butterworts inhabit a wide range of environments, from temperate to tropical climates. They are typically found in moist, nutrient-poor soils such as wet rock faces, bogs, and alpine meadows. Their ability to obtain nutrients from trapped insects allows them to thrive in areas where other plants would struggle.

Carnivory

The carnivorous nature of Pinguicula involves a passive trapping mechanism. The mucilage on the leaf surface acts as both an attractant and adhesive for prey. Once an insect is trapped, the plant secretes digestive enzymes to break down the prey and absorb the resulting nutrients, particularly nitrogen, which is often scarce in their natural habitats.

Reproduction

Pinguicula reproduce both sexually, through the production of flowers and seeds, and asexually, via leaf cuttings or the formation of small plantlets at the leaf margins in some species. The flowers of butterworts are typically zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) and can range in color from purple and blue to white and yellow, depending on the species.

Conservation

Several Pinguicula species are considered to be at risk due to habitat destruction and overcollection. Conservation efforts are in place in some regions to protect these unique carnivorous plants and their habitats.

Cultivation

Butterworts are popular among carnivorous plant enthusiasts for their ease of care and beautiful flowers. They require moist, well-draining soil, high humidity, and partial to full sunlight. During the winter months, when many species enter a non-carnivorous phase, watering should be reduced.

Species

There are over 80 recognized species of Pinguicula, including:

• Pinguicula moranensis - One of the most commonly cultivated species.
• Pinguicula vulgaris - A widespread species found across northern Europe and Asia.
• Pinguicula gigantea - Known for its large size and violet flowers, native to Mexico.

See Also

• Carnivorous plants
• Lentibulariaceae
• Plant carnivory