Plasmodium eylesi

Plasmodium eylesi

Plasmodium eylesi is a species of parasitic protozoa that belongs to the genus Plasmodium. It is known to infect birds, specifically raptors, and is considered to be one of the causative agents of avian malaria. This species was first discovered and described by Dr. Richard E. Eyles in 1962.

Taxonomy

Plasmodium eylesi is classified under the phylum Apicomplexa, which includes various parasitic protozoa. It belongs to the genus Plasmodium, which is well-known for its role in causing malaria in humans. Within the genus Plasmodium, P. eylesi is further classified under the subgenus Haemamoeba.

Morphology

The morphology of Plasmodium eylesi is similar to other species within the genus Plasmodium. It exists in multiple life stages, including the sporozoite, merozoite, and gametocyte stages. The sporozoite stage is the infective stage, which is transmitted to the host through the bite of an infected mosquito. Once inside the host, the sporozoites invade the liver cells and develop into merozoites, which then infect the red blood cells. The gametocyte stage is responsible for sexual reproduction within the mosquito vector.

Hosts and Distribution

Plasmodium eylesi primarily infects birds, particularly raptors such as hawks, eagles, and falcons. It has been reported in various regions around the world, including North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. The prevalence of P. eylesi infections in bird populations varies depending on the geographical location and the specific bird species.

Pathogenesis

Avian malaria caused by Plasmodium eylesi can have significant impacts on the health and survival of infected birds. The parasite replicates within the red blood cells, leading to their destruction and subsequent anemia. This can result in weakness, lethargy, and a decreased ability to hunt or fly. Severe infections can be fatal, especially in young or immunocompromised birds.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing Plasmodium eylesi infections in birds can be challenging, as the clinical signs are often nonspecific. However, various laboratory techniques, such as blood smears and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can be used to detect the presence of the parasite. Treatment options for avian malaria caused by P. eylesi include antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and primaquine, which can help to eliminate the parasite from the bird's bloodstream.

Prevention and Control

Preventing and controlling Plasmodium eylesi infections in birds primarily involves reducing the exposure to infected mosquitoes. This can be achieved through the use of mosquito repellents, mosquito nets, and proper habitat management to minimize mosquito breeding sites. Additionally, maintaining the overall health and immune function of birds through proper nutrition and veterinary care can help to reduce the severity of infections.

See Also

• Plasmodium (genus)
• Avian malaria
• Protozoa