Plume hunting

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Emmy Destinn, 1878-1930, three-quarters length portrait, standing, facing left, wearing fur hat

Plume hunting refers to the hunting of wild birds to collect their feathers, known as plumes, for use in the fashion industry, particularly in the manufacture of women's hats and other accessories. This practice reached its peak during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leading to the decline and near-extinction of many bird species.

History

The demand for bird plumes began to escalate in the mid-19th century, with the fashion industry in Europe and North America driving the trend. Women's hats, adorned with feathers, wings, or entire birds, became a symbol of status and elegance. The Snowy Egret, with its fine white plumes, was among the most sought-after species, along with the Great Egret, various species of herons, and the Bird of Paradise. The hunting was largely unregulated, leading to massive declines in bird populations.

Impact

The impact of plume hunting was devastating on bird populations. Entire colonies were often destroyed in the process, as hunters would kill the adult birds during the nesting season, leaving the chicks to starve or fall prey to the elements. This led to a significant decrease in numbers of many species, with some, like the Passenger Pigeon, being driven to extinction.

Conservation Efforts

The widespread destruction caused by plume hunting sparked one of the first major conservation movements in the United States. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt established the first National Wildlife Refuge at Pelican Island, Florida, specifically to protect birds from plume hunters. This marked the beginning of a broader conservation effort that would lead to significant legislation.

The most notable legislative achievement was the passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which made it illegal to capture, kill, or sell migratory birds in the United States. Similar laws were enacted in other countries, providing protection to birds on an international scale.

Legacy

The battle against plume hunting is considered a foundational moment in the history of wildlife conservation. It led to the establishment of protected areas, the formation of conservation groups like the National Audubon Society, and the passage of laws that remain in effect today to protect birds and other wildlife. The movement also marked a shift in public perception, with more people beginning to view wildlife as something to be preserved for future generations rather than exploited for immediate gain. 0