Positive airway pressure

Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) Therapy

CPAP machine and mask

A CPAP machine with its mask and hose.

Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy is a medical treatment used to manage breathing disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). By delivering a stream of pressurized air into the respiratory tract, PAP therapy keeps the airway open during sleep, preventing apnea episodes and improving breathing patterns. There are several types of PAP therapy, each tailored to meet different therapeutic needs.

Types of PAP Therapy

• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): Delivers a constant stream of air pressure.
• Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP or BPAP): Provides two levels of air pressure, higher during inhalation and lower during exhalation.
• Auto-adjusting Positive Airway Pressure (APAP): Automatically adjusts air pressure based on the user’s needs throughout the night.

Indications

PAP therapy is primarily indicated for:

• Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
• Certain types of Central sleep apnea
• Respiratory failure due to other medical conditions, such as COPD or Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
• Preoperative stabilization of high-risk surgical patients

Mechanism of Action

PAP therapy works by creating a pneumatic splint for the airway, preventing its collapse during sleep. This mechanism facilitates normal breathing patterns, improves oxygen saturation, and enhances sleep quality.

Usage

Patients use PAP therapy devices at night during sleep. The device includes a pump that generates airflow, a hose that delivers the air, and a mask that disperses the air to the patient’s nose and/or mouth.

Side Effects

While PAP therapy is effective and safe, some users may experience side effects, such as:

• Nasal congestion or dryness
• Skin irritation from the mask
• Dry mouth
• Claustrophobia from mask use

Maintenance

Regular maintenance of the PAP device and its components is crucial for effective therapy. This includes cleaning or replacing the air filter, washing the mask, and checking the hoses for leaks.

See Also

• Sleep apnea
• Respiratory therapy
• Mechanical ventilation

External Links

• National Sleep Foundation - CPAP
• American Thoracic Society - Positive Airway Pressure Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea