Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a psychological tool used to measure the positive and negative affectivity of individuals. It is widely used in research and clinical settings to assess mood and emotions.
Development[edit | edit source]
The PANAS was developed by David Watson and Auke Tellegen in 1988. It was designed to provide a brief and reliable measure of positive and negative affect, which are considered to be two dominant dimensions of mood.
Structure[edit | edit source]
The PANAS consists of two scales, one measuring positive affect (PA) and the other measuring negative affect (NA). Each scale contains 10 items, making a total of 20 items. Respondents are asked to rate the extent to which they have experienced each emotion on a scale from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely).
Positive Affect[edit | edit source]
Positive affect refers to the extent to which an individual feels enthusiastic, active, and alert. High positive affect is characterized by high energy, full concentration, and pleasurable engagement, whereas low positive affect is characterized by sadness and lethargy.
Negative Affect[edit | edit source]
Negative affect is a dimension of subjective distress and unpleasurable engagement. It includes a variety of aversive mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. Low negative affect is a state of calmness and serenity.
Applications[edit | edit source]
The PANAS is used in various fields, including psychology, psychiatry, and social sciences. It is employed in research studies to assess the impact of interventions on mood, to explore the relationship between affect and other psychological constructs, and to measure changes in affect over time.
Criticism and Limitations[edit | edit source]
While the PANAS is a widely used tool, it has been subject to criticism. Some researchers argue that it does not capture the full complexity of human emotions and that it may not be suitable for all populations. Additionally, cultural differences in the expression and experience of emotions may affect the validity of the PANAS across different groups.
See Also[edit | edit source]
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