Programmed learning

Programmed learning is an educational technique that involves self-paced and systematic instruction. This method is designed to provide immediate feedback to learners, allowing them to understand and correct their mistakes as they progress through the material. Programmed learning is often associated with behaviorism and the work of B.F. Skinner, who developed the concept of operant conditioning.

History

The concept of programmed learning emerged in the mid-20th century. B.F. Skinner, a prominent psychologist, introduced the idea in the 1950s. Skinner's work on operant conditioning laid the foundation for programmed learning, emphasizing the importance of reinforcement in the learning process. The first teaching machines, which were mechanical devices that presented instructional material, were developed during this period.

Principles

Programmed learning is based on several key principles:

• Self-Pacing: Learners progress through the material at their own pace, allowing for individualized learning experiences.
• Immediate Feedback: Learners receive instant feedback on their performance, enabling them to correct errors and reinforce correct responses.
• Active Participation: Learners actively engage with the material, often through answering questions or completing tasks.
• Reinforcement: Positive reinforcement is used to encourage correct responses and learning behaviors.

Types of Programmed Learning

There are two main types of programmed learning:

• Linear Programming: In this approach, learners follow a predetermined sequence of steps. Each step builds on the previous one, and learners must complete each step before moving on to the next.
• Branching Programming: This method allows for more flexibility. Learners can take different paths based on their responses, with the program branching out to provide additional instruction or practice as needed.

Applications

Programmed learning has been applied in various educational settings, including:

• Schools: Used to teach subjects such as mathematics, science, and language arts.
• Corporate Training: Employed in training programs to teach job-specific skills and knowledge.
• Special Education: Adapted to meet the needs of learners with disabilities, providing individualized instruction and support.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

• Individualized Learning: Allows learners to progress at their own pace and receive personalized feedback.
• Consistency: Ensures that all learners receive the same instructional material and feedback.
• Efficiency: Can be more efficient than traditional teaching methods, as learners can move quickly through material they already understand.

Disadvantages

• Lack of Flexibility: Linear programming can be rigid, not allowing for exploration or deviation from the set path.
• Limited Interaction: May not provide opportunities for social interaction and collaboration, which are important aspects of learning.
• Dependence on Technology: Requires access to appropriate technology, which may not be available to all learners.

Related Pages

• Behaviorism
• B.F. Skinner
• Operant conditioning
• Teaching machine
• Educational technology
• Self-paced instruction