Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience refers to beliefs, theories, or practices that have been or are considered scientific, but have no basis in scientific fact. This could mean they were disproved scientifically, can't be tested scientifically, or lack evidence to support them. The term is often considered pejorative because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Those described as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization.

Definition

The term Pseudoscience is derived from the Greek root pseudo meaning false and the English word science, from the Latin word scientia, meaning knowledge. Although the term has been in use since at least the late 18th century (e.g., in 1796 by James Pettit Andrews in reference to alchemy), the concept of pseudoscience as distinct from real or proper science seems to have become more widespread during the mid-19th century. Among the earliest uses of "pseudo-science" by Francis Bacon.

Characteristics

Pseudoscience is often characterized by the following: contradictory, exaggerated or unprovable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; and absence of systematic practices when developing theories.

Examples

Examples of pseudosciences include astrology, young Earth creationism, homeopathy, and dowsing.

Criticism and Controversy

Pseudoscience can have dangerous effects. For example, pseudoscientific anti-vaccine activism and promotion of homeopathic remedies as alternative disease treatments can result in people forgoing important medical treatments with demonstrated effectiveness, leading to deaths and outbreaks of preventable diseases.

See also

• Science
• Scientific method
• Philosophy of science
• Fringe science
• Junk science
• Pathological science
• Voodoo science

External links

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry

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  Phrenological organs illustration from 1887
• Diagram of the Scientific Method
  Diagram of the Scientific Method
• Astrological chart of Venice
  Astrological chart of Venice
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  Homeopathic remedy Rhus toxicodendron