Pterophyllum

Pterophyllum is a small genus of freshwater fish from the family Cichlidae known to most aquarists as "angelfish". All Pterophyllum species originate from the tropical regions of the Amazon Basin, Orinoco Basin, and various rivers in the Guiana Shield in South America. They are a popular choice for aquariums due to their unique shape and interesting behaviors but require specific care to thrive in captivity.

Description

Pterophyllum species are distinguished by their laterally compressed bodies, long dorsal and anal fins that give them their characteristic angel-like shape, and their slow, graceful movements. They can grow up to 6 inches (15 cm) in length in the wild, but aquarium specimens often reach larger sizes due to controlled conditions. Their coloration varies among species and can include a range of patterns and hues, from silver with black vertical stripes to more elaborate and colorful designs in captive-bred varieties.

Habitat

In the wild, Pterophyllum species are found in slow-moving or standing water with dense vegetation and a soft, sandy bottom. They prefer areas with plenty of hiding spots and subdued lighting. The water in their natural habitat is typically acidic to neutral pH and soft to moderately hard.

Behavior

Angelfish are known for their peaceful demeanor but can become territorial, especially during breeding. They are social fish that prefer to live in groups, although they establish a pecking order within their community. Their diet in the wild consists mainly of small invertebrates and plant matter, but in the aquarium, they can be fed a variety of foods, including flakes, pellets, and live or frozen foods.

Breeding

Pterophyllum species are oviparous, with females laying eggs on a flat surface, which are then fertilized by the male. The parents often guard their eggs and fry aggressively. In the aquarium, breeding angelfish can be a rewarding experience, but it requires maintaining optimal water conditions and providing the right diet to ensure the health of the parents and the fry.

Species

The genus Pterophyllum comprises three recognized species:

• Pterophyllum scalare (the most common species in the aquarium trade)
• Pterophyllum altum (known for its larger size and more demanding care requirements)
• Pterophyllum leopoldi (the smallest and least common species)

Aquarium Care

To successfully keep Pterophyllum species in an aquarium, it is essential to mimic their natural environment as closely as possible. This includes maintaining water temperature between 76°F and 86°F (24°C to 30°C), pH between 6.0 and 7.5, and soft to moderately hard water. Regular water changes, a well-filtered tank, and a diet that meets their nutritional needs are also crucial. Angelfish thrive in planted aquariums with plenty of space to swim and vertical structures or plants to hide among.

Conservation

While Pterophyllum species are not currently listed as endangered, their habitats are threatened by deforestation, pollution, and hydroelectric projects. Conservation efforts are necessary to ensure the survival of these unique fish in the wild.