Quietism (philosophy)

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Quietism (philosophy) is a philosophical doctrine that emphasizes the importance of a state of inner quiet and peace, free from the turmoil of desire, ambition, and intellectual activity. Originating in the works of Miguel de Molinos, a Spanish priest in the 17th century, Quietism has since influenced various aspects of Christian mysticism, philosophy, and psychology. The core belief of Quietism is that the highest form of spiritual attainment is to achieve a passive state of contemplation and union with the divine, where the self is fully surrendered to God's will.

History

Quietism's roots can be traced back to the mystical traditions within Christianity, particularly those that stress the importance of a direct and personal experience of God. Miguel de Molinos, often considered the founder of Quietism, outlined his beliefs in his work, The Spiritual Guide, which advocated for a spiritual journey that involved the negation of the self and the passive reception of divine grace. However, Molinos' teachings were condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, leading to his imprisonment and the formal denouncement of Quietism as heresy.

Despite its condemnation, the principles of Quietism influenced a number of Christian mystics and philosophers, including Madame Guyon, who was also persecuted for her beliefs, and François Fénelon, who defended Guyon's mysticism but sought to distance it from the heretical elements associated with Molinos' teachings.

Philosophical Principles

Quietism is based on the belief that true enlightenment and union with the divine can only be achieved through the cessation of all personal effort and the passive surrender to God. This involves a process of internal purification, detachment from worldly desires, and the silencing of the mind. Quietists argue that only through this state of quiet can one truly hear the voice of God and experience divine love.

The doctrine emphasizes the importance of contemplation over action, and inner peace over external achievements. It suggests that the pursuit of knowledge and the desire for personal gain are obstacles to spiritual growth and the realization of one's union with the divine.

Criticism and Influence

Quietism has been subject to criticism both from within the Christian tradition and from secular philosophers. Critics argue that its emphasis on passivity and the negation of the self can lead to nihilism and the abdication of personal responsibility. The Roman Catholic Church's condemnation of Quietism was largely based on concerns that it undermined the importance of the sacraments and the church's teachings on the necessity of grace and good works for salvation.

Despite these criticisms, Quietism has had a lasting impact on the development of Christian mysticism and has influenced modern spiritual movements that emphasize meditation, mindfulness, and the pursuit of inner peace. Its principles can be seen in the works of contemporary spiritual writers and in the practices of those seeking a deeper, more contemplative spiritual life.

See Also

• Mysticism
• Contemplation
• Christian mysticism
• Meditation