RED-S

RED-S or Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport is a syndrome that affects both male and female athletes and is caused by energy deficiency relative to the balance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure required for health and activities of daily living, growth and sporting activities. Energy deficiency is not exclusive to athletes, but can also affect sedentary individuals.

Causes

RED-S is caused by low energy availability, where the energy intake from food is insufficient to cover the energy expenditure from exercise, plus the energy required for optimal health and performance. This can occur due to intentional dietary restriction, disordered eating, or simply a high volume of training without adequate fueling.

Symptoms

Symptoms of RED-S can include fatigue, decreased endurance performance, loss of muscle strength, recurrent injuries, decreased training response, irritability, depression, and loss of concentration. In women, menstrual disturbances such as amenorrhea can occur, while in men, low testosterone levels can be observed.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of RED-S is often challenging due to the wide range of potential symptoms and the lack of a single definitive diagnostic test. It is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.

Treatment

Treatment of RED-S involves increasing energy intake and/or reducing exercise energy expenditure to restore energy balance. This often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving a dietitian, physician, and mental health professional.

See also

• Female Athlete Triad
• Eating disorders
• Sports nutrition

References

RED-S Resources
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