Radioiodine

Classification

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Radioiodine therapy, also known as radioactive iodine therapy, is a medical treatment using radioactive isotopes of iodine to target conditions affecting the thyroid gland. The most common isotopes used in this therapy are iodine-131 (I-131). This treatment is widely utilized for conditions such as hyperthyroidism and different types of thyroid cancer.

Overview

Radioiodine therapy exploits the thyroid gland's natural ability to uptake iodine, which it normally uses to produce thyroid hormones. By administering radioactive iodine, the isotopes are absorbed by the thyroid cells, where they begin to decay, releasing radiation that destroys the cells. This method is particularly effective in treating thyroid conditions because it provides a targeted approach, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.

Indications

Radioiodine therapy is primarily indicated for:

• Hyperthyroidism: Especially in cases where it is caused by Graves' disease, where the thyroid is overactive.
• Thyroid cancer: Particularly in cases where cancerous cells remain after the surgical removal of the thyroid (thyroidectomy) or for treating certain types of thyroid cancer that have spread to other parts of the body.

Procedure

The procedure for radioiodine therapy typically involves:

• A preparatory phase, where patients may be required to follow a low-iodine diet to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment.
• The administration of radioactive iodine, usually in a capsule or liquid form.
• Post-treatment isolation, as patients will be temporarily radioactive and may need to avoid close contact with others to prevent radiation exposure.

Side Effects

While radioiodine therapy is generally safe, it can have side effects, including:

• Temporary or permanent hypothyroidism, requiring lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
• Dry mouth and changes in taste, due to the effects of radiation on the salivary glands.
• In rare cases, swelling or tenderness in the neck and nausea.

Follow-up Care

Follow-up care after radioiodine therapy is crucial and may include:

• Regular blood tests to monitor thyroid hormone levels and adjust medication as necessary.
• Whole body scans to check for residual thyroid tissue or metastasis of thyroid cancer.

Ethical and Safety Considerations

The use of radioactive substances in medicine raises specific ethical and safety considerations. Patients must be adequately informed about the risks and benefits of the treatment. Additionally, proper handling and disposal of radioactive materials are essential to prevent environmental contamination.

See Also

• Thyroidectomy
• Thyroid function tests
• Nuclear medicine