Red deer

Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6

File:Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) (W1CDR0001424 BD3).ogg

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Cervus elaphus male 02 MWNH 692

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Red Deer skeleton found at Ghar Dalam, Malta, now at Ghar Dalam Museum

Red deer

Deer near Lake George (17117730416)

Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor, Iran, parts of western Asia, and central Asia. It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains region between Morocco and Tunisia in northwestern Africa, being the only species of deer to inhabit Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas, including Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. The species is highly variable in size, color, and body shape, with several subspecies recognized across its range.

Description

Red deer are ruminant mammals belonging to the family Cervidae. Males (stags) are larger than females (hinds) and bear large, branching antlers that are shed and regrown annually. The coat color ranges from reddish-brown to yellowish-brown, with some subspecies sporting darker or lighter shades. During winter, the coat becomes denser and darker. Red deer are known for their distinctive "roar" during the rutting season, a sound produced by stags to attract females and challenge rival males.

Habitat and Distribution

The natural habitats of red deer include grassland, moorland, woodlands, and forest edges. They are adaptable animals that can live in a variety of environments but prefer areas that offer both cover and open spaces. The distribution of red deer spans across various countries and continents, reflecting their adaptability to different terrains and climates.

Behavior

Red deer are mainly nocturnal or crepuscular, being most active during the early morning and late evening. They are social animals, often forming large herds that are segregated by sex outside of the mating season. The diet of red deer consists primarily of grasses, sedges, leaves, and bark. During the rutting season, stags engage in fierce battles for the right to mate with hinds, using their antlers as weapons.

Reproduction

The mating season, or rut, occurs from the end of September to November. Stags return to the hinds' home ranges and compete for access to females. After a gestation period of about 240 days, hinds give birth to a single calf, although twins are not uncommon. Calves are born with spotted coats, which they lose as they grow older.

Conservation

While red deer populations are stable in many areas, they face threats from habitat loss, hunting, and road accidents. Conservation efforts focus on habitat management, monitoring populations, and regulating hunting to ensure sustainable populations.

Subspecies

There are numerous subspecies of red deer, reflecting the wide range of habitats they occupy. Some of the more notable subspecies include the European Red Deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus), the Eastern Red Deer (Cervus elaphus maral), and the Corsican Red Deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus), among others.