Roman hairstyles

Salonina Matidia Musei Capitolini MC889 n2

Roman Woman statue detail Istanbul Archaeological Museum - inv. 2269 T

Villa dei Misteri IX - 1

Perge - Faustina

Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), Naples National Archaeological Museum (17392924485)

Marble portrait of a young girl wearing a wig, about 120-230 AD, British Museum (22810105149)

Roman Hairstyles have been an area of considerable interest both in terms of historical study and cultural significance. Throughout the history of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Republic through to the Roman Empire, hairstyles were not only a means of personal expression but also reflected broader social norms, status, and identity within Roman society.

Historical Overview

The evolution of hairstyles in Rome was significantly influenced by a variety of factors including social class, age, marital status, and even political affiliations. During the early Roman Republic, simplicity was key, with both men and women wearing their hair in relatively uncomplicated styles. Men typically sported short haircuts, while women's hair was often long, arranged in simple styles.

As Rome expanded its territories and came into contact with other cultures, particularly the Greeks, Roman hairstyles became more elaborate. The Roman Empire saw a diversification in hairstyles, especially among women, who began to adopt more intricate styles that included braids, curls, and the use of hairpieces to create volume and complexity.

Men's Hairstyles

In the early Republic, Roman men preferred short hair and clean-shaven faces, reflecting the practical needs of soldiers and the austere values of the time. However, by the 1st century BC, influenced by the Hellenistic culture of the Eastern Mediterranean, it became fashionable for men to grow their hair longer and style it, and to wear beards. The Julio-Claudian dynasty further popularized these trends, with emperors like Nero and Hadrian known for their distinctive hairstyles and beards.

Women's Hairstyles

Women's hairstyles were more varied and changed more frequently than men's. In the Republic, matrons wore their hair in simple styles, often pulled back into a bun. However, during the Empire, women's hairstyles became increasingly elaborate. The Flavian dynasty and the Antonine dynasty were particularly noted for their fashion-forward empresses, like Faustina the Younger and Julia Domna, who popularized complex hairstyles involving curls, braids, and wigs.

One of the most iconic Roman women's hairstyles is the "Palla", a style in which the hair was divided into sections, braided, then wrapped around the head. Another popular style was the "Seni crines", which involved dividing the hair into six or more sections, braiding these, then pinning them up to create a voluminous look.

Social and Cultural Significance

Hairstyles in Rome were not merely about personal grooming; they were laden with social and cultural significance. For instance, the transition from a simple to an elaborate hairstyle could signify a girl's coming of age or a woman's marital status. Freed slaves also cut their hair short as a symbol of their liberation.

Hairstyles could also reflect one's political leanings or aspirations. For example, adopting the hairstyle of a popular leader or emperor was a way to show allegiance or admiration. The Philosophers of the time often wore their hair long as a symbol of their detachment from vanity and material concerns.

Materials and Techniques

The Romans used a variety of tools and accessories to achieve these hairstyles, including hairpins, ribbons, and fibulae (brooches). They also used hair dyes and bleaches, made from natural ingredients like saffron and vinegar, to color their hair. Wigs and hairpieces made from the hair of slaves or conquered peoples were also popular among the elite.

Conclusion

Roman hairstyles were a reflection of the times, influenced by cultural exchanges and evolving social norms. They were an integral part of Roman identity, symbolizing everything from personal status to broader societal values. As such, the study of Roman hairstyles offers valuable insights into the complexities of Roman culture and society.