Sanitary sewer overflow

Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) is a condition where untreated sewage is discharged into the environment prior to reaching sewage treatment facilities. This can occur for various reasons, including blockages, line breaks, sewer defects that allow stormwater and groundwater to overload the system, and power failures. SSOs pose significant health and environmental risks, leading to the contamination of water bodies, potential exposure to pathogens, and can adversely affect wildlife.

Causes

The primary causes of SSOs include:

• Infiltration/Inflow: Excessive water from storm events or groundwater entering the sewer system through cracks, leaky manhole covers, or improperly connected storm drains can overwhelm the system.
• Blockages: Blockages in the sewer lines, often caused by fats, oils, grease (commonly referred to as FOG), roots, or other debris, can reduce the flow of sewage and lead to overflows.
• Sewer Defects: Aging infrastructure and poorly maintained pipes can collapse, break, or become disjointed, allowing sewage to escape.
• Power Failures: Pump stations that rely on electricity to move wastewater can fail during power outages, causing backups and overflows.

Health and Environmental Impacts

SSOs can have severe health and environmental impacts, including:

• Water Contamination: The release of untreated sewage can lead to the contamination of drinking water sources, rivers, lakes, and oceans, posing risks to public health and aquatic life.
• Disease Transmission: SSOs can contain pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans and animals.
• Environmental Degradation: Nutrients in untreated sewage, like nitrogen and phosphorus, can lead to algal blooms that deplete oxygen in water bodies, killing fish and other aquatic organisms.

Prevention and Management

Efforts to prevent and manage SSOs include:

• Infrastructure Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance of sewer lines can help identify and rectify potential problems before they lead to SSOs.
• Capacity Enhancement: Upgrading sewer infrastructure to handle peak flows, especially in areas prone to heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, can reduce the risk of overflows.
• Public Education: Informing the public about the importance of not disposing of fats, oils, grease, and other harmful materials down the drain can help prevent blockages.
• Emergency Response Plans: Developing and implementing comprehensive emergency response strategies for SSO events can help mitigate impacts on public health and the environment.

Regulation

In many countries, SSOs are regulated under environmental protection laws. Entities operating sewer systems may be required to obtain permits, monitor for SSO events, and report any occurrences to regulatory agencies. Failure to comply with regulations can result in fines and other penalties.