Scat singing

Ella Fitzgerald in September 1947

Louis Armstrong restored

Scat singing is a vocal improvisation technique with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables or without words at all. Scat singing gives the vocalist the ability to sing improvised melodies and rhythms, similar to the improvisations of jazz instrumentalists. It is a well-regarded component of jazz music, first appearing in the early 20th century. The technique is believed to have originated in the Southern United States, closely tied to the early development of jazz.

Origins and History

The origins of scat singing are often attributed to Louis Armstrong, a pioneering figure in jazz music. However, the practice predates Armstrong, with earlier examples found in the recordings of Gene Greene and Leo Watson. Despite these earlier instances, Armstrong's 1926 recording of "Heebie Jeebies" is frequently cited as the first popular example of scat singing, bringing the technique into the mainstream of jazz.

Technique

Scat singing involves the use of nonsensical syllables like "doo", "bop", "bee", "bah", "skoobie", "doo", and "bop", among others, to mimic the sound of instruments or to create unique musical lines. The choice of syllables can be influenced by the instrumental backing, the mood of the piece, or the singer's personal preference. This form of vocal improvisation requires a strong sense of rhythm, a wide vocal range, and the ability to creatively invent melodies on the spot.

Notable Scat Singers

Many jazz musicians and vocalists have excelled at scat singing, each bringing their own style and innovations to the technique. Notable scat singers include:

• Ella Fitzgerald, known for her astonishing range, flexibility, and the ability to mimic instrumental sounds with great accuracy.
• Sarah Vaughan, whose sophisticated approach to scat singing incorporated her wide vocal range and rich tone.
• Cab Calloway, famous for his energetic performances and charismatic stage presence.
• Betty Carter, known for her innovative and complex scat improvisations.

Influence and Legacy

Scat singing has had a significant influence on other music genres, including rock and roll, R&B, and hip hop, where elements of vocal improvisation can be found. It remains a vital part of jazz vocal performance, taught in music schools and performed in jazz clubs around the world.

Contemporary Scat Singing

Today, scat singing is upheld by a new generation of jazz vocalists who continue to explore and expand the boundaries of vocal improvisation. Artists like Bobby McFerrin and Esperanza Spalding have brought their unique perspectives to scat singing, blending it with other musical traditions and showcasing the technique's versatility and enduring appeal.