Shaping
Template:Infobox psychological concept
Shaping is a behavioral psychology technique used to teach new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior. It is a method often used in both human and animal training.
Overview[edit | edit source]
Shaping is a process that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, while not reinforcing those that are not. This technique is based on the principles of operant conditioning, a theory primarily developed by B.F. Skinner. Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior, which can include reinforcement (which increases a behavior) or punishment (which decreases a behavior).
Procedure[edit | edit source]
The process of shaping usually follows these steps:
- Identify the target behavior that needs to be developed.
- Determine the current behavior that the subject can perform.
- Establish small steps or successive approximations toward the target behavior.
- Reinforce the behavior that is closest to the desired behavior.
- Gradually require more accurate approximations of the target behavior for reinforcement.
- Continue this process until the target behavior is achieved.
Applications[edit | edit source]
Shaping is widely used in various fields, including:
- Education, where teachers use it to help students acquire new skills.
- Animal training, where trainers shape behaviors in animals, from simple tricks to complex tasks.
- Therapy, particularly in behavioral therapy, where therapists use shaping to help clients develop healthier behaviors.
- Sports coaching, where coaches use shaping to teach athletes new techniques and strategies.
Benefits and Limitations[edit | edit source]
- Benefits
- Allows for the teaching of complex behaviors that might not naturally occur.
- Can be tailored to the individual's current abilities, making it a flexible approach.
- Enhances learning through positive reinforcement, which can be more effective and humane than methods involving punishment.
- Limitations
- Requires careful planning and a clear understanding of the behavior to be shaped.
- Can be time-consuming, as it involves reinforcing small steps towards the goal.
- The effectiveness can depend on the consistency and timing of the reinforcement.
See Also[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD