Ski wax

Martin Matsbo

Snow friction vs water film thickness--Colbeck

Wilson A. Bentley snowflake, 1890

Bentley snowflake micrograph no. 777

Fresh dry snow forming bonds

Clustered ice grains in wet snow

Ski wax is a material applied to the bottom of snow skis to improve their performance on the snow by reducing friction. This enhancement allows for a smoother, faster glide over the snow surface and can be crucial in both recreational skiing and competitive skiing sports such as cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, and ski jumping. Ski wax varies in composition and application depending on the conditions, including snow type, temperature, and humidity.

Types of Ski Wax

Ski waxes are broadly categorized into two types: glide waxes and grip waxes.

Glide Waxes

Glide waxes are designed to minimize friction between the ski and the snow, allowing the ski to glide more efficiently. They are primarily used in alpine skiing and ski jumping, where speed and smooth gliding are essential. Glide waxes are further subdivided based on their application method and the conditions they are designed for:

• Hydrocarbon Waxes: Basic waxes used primarily for colder, drier snow conditions. They are also used as a base layer for more advanced waxes.
• Fluorocarbon Waxes: Advanced waxes that include fluorocarbon to repel water, making them ideal for wet snow conditions. They are often used in competitive skiing due to their superior performance but are more expensive.
• Paraffin Waxes: A common type of glide wax, suitable for a wide range of temperatures and snow conditions.

Grip Waxes

Grip waxes, also known as kick waxes, are used in cross-country skiing to provide traction during the kick phase of the stride. They are applied to the middle section of the ski, where they help to grip the snow when weight is applied. Grip waxes are chosen based on the snow temperature and type:

• Hard Waxes: Used for colder, newer snow. They are harder and are applied in thin layers.
• Klister: A sticky wax used for wet, icy, or coarse snow. Klister is challenging to apply and clean but provides excellent grip in difficult conditions.

Application

The application of ski wax varies with the type of wax and the desired outcome. Glide waxes are typically melted and then ironed onto the ski's base, followed by scraping and brushing to remove excess wax and smooth the surface. Grip waxes are applied in layers, starting with a base layer that is often ironed in, followed by additional layers that are corked to smooth and adhere the wax to the ski base.

Environmental Considerations

Recent years have seen a growing concern over the environmental impact of ski waxes, particularly fluorocarbon waxes, which have been found to be toxic to the environment. As a result, the ski industry is moving towards more eco-friendly alternatives, including biodegradable waxes and those with reduced or no fluorocarbon content.

Conclusion

Ski wax plays a crucial role in the performance of skis on snow, affecting both speed and grip. With a variety of types and applications, skiers can tailor their waxing to the specific conditions of the snow and their skiing needs. As environmental concerns become more prominent, the development of eco-friendly ski waxes is likely to continue, ensuring the sport's sustainability for future generations.

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