Social dominance orientation

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) is a psychological construct that refers to an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system and the dominance of one's own group over others. This concept is central to understanding social inequality, prejudice, and discrimination within societies. SDO is a key factor in the study of social psychology, political psychology, and intergroup relations, offering insights into why individuals and groups prefer certain social arrangements over others.

Overview

Social Dominance Orientation is characterized by a belief in and preference for inequality among social groups. Individuals with high SDO levels are more likely to support policies and ideologies that maintain or increase disparities between groups. This can manifest in support for racism, sexism, classism, and other forms of social hierarchy and oppression. Conversely, those with low SDO levels are more inclined towards egalitarian principles and the reduction of inequality between groups.

Theoretical Background

The concept of Social Dominance Orientation was first introduced by social psychologists Felicia Pratto, Jim Sidanius, and their colleagues in the early 1990s. It is a central element of Social Dominance Theory, which seeks to understand the maintenance and stability of group-based social hierarchies. According to this theory, societies tend to organize themselves into hierarchies of group-based social power, and these hierarchies are maintained through a combination of individual behaviors, institutional practices, and societal ideologies.

Measurement

SDO is typically measured using the Social Dominance Orientation scale, which assesses the degree to which individuals endorse or reject statements reflecting preferences for inequality among social groups. The scale has undergone several revisions since its inception, with the aim of improving its reliability and validity.

Factors Influencing SDO

Several factors have been identified as influencing an individual's level of Social Dominance Orientation, including personality traits, socialization experiences, and broader societal and cultural contexts. For example, individuals who score high on traits such as authoritarianism and Machiavellianism are more likely to exhibit high levels of SDO. Additionally, people's experiences within their family, educational settings, and exposure to media can also shape their SDO levels.

Implications

Understanding Social Dominance Orientation has significant implications for addressing social inequality and discrimination. High levels of SDO in a population can contribute to the persistence of systemic inequalities, as individuals with high SDO are more likely to resist policies aimed at reducing inequality. Conversely, reducing SDO levels in a population can be a step towards achieving greater social equality and justice.

Criticism and Debates

While the concept of Social Dominance Orientation has been influential in social psychology, it has also faced criticism. Some critics argue that the SDO scale may not fully capture the complexity of individuals' attitudes towards hierarchy and inequality. Others have raised concerns about the potential for the concept to oversimplify the dynamics of power and dominance in society.

See Also

• Prejudice
• Discrimination
• Social inequality
• Authoritarian personality
• Group conflict