Somatotype and constitutional psychology

Somatotype and constitutional psychology is a concept developed in the early 20th century, centering around the idea that one's body type is inherently linked to their personality, temperament, and even their mental capabilities. This theory was primarily advanced by American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon, who in the 1940s categorized human bodies into three broad types: ectomorphs, mesomorphs, and endomorphs. Sheldon believed that these body types were indicative of a person's behavioral tendencies and psychological characteristics.

History

The concept of somatotypes was first introduced by Sheldon in the 1940s. Sheldon, after photographing and studying the physical variations in male bodies, proposed that there were three fundamental human body types. He suggested that these body types were associated with certain personality traits, a theory he detailed in his book "The Varieties of Human Physique." Sheldon's work was influenced by earlier theories, including those of Ernst Kretschmer, who also sought to link body types with temperament.

The Three Somatotypes

Sheldon described the three somatotypes as follows:

• Ectomorph: Characterized by a lean and long body, ectomorphs are thought to have difficulty gaining weight. Sheldon associated this body type with traits such as introversion, thoughtfulness, and sensitivity.
• Mesomorph: This body type is identified by a muscular and well-built physique. Mesomorphs are purported to be more adventurous, assertive, and competitive.
• Endomorph: Endomorphs have a higher body fat percentage, with a soft and round body. Sheldon believed that individuals with this body type were more sociable, relaxed, and even-tempered.

Criticism and Modern Perspective

While Sheldon's theory gained some popularity, it has been widely criticized and is considered outdated by contemporary standards. Critics argue that Sheldon's methodology was flawed and that his conclusions were overly deterministic. The idea that one's body shape can predict personality or intelligence has been debunked by numerous studies. Modern psychology and medical science emphasize the complexity of human behavior and personality, acknowledging that they are influenced by a vast array of genetic, environmental, and social factors.

Despite the criticism, the concept of somatotypes is still referenced in some fields, particularly in physical fitness and athletics, to describe general body shapes and potential athletic abilities. However, it is important to note that these references are made with the understanding that somatotypes do not determine one's personality or worth.

See Also

• Body image
• Personality psychology
• Physical fitness