Sparta

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Menelaion

Eurotas

Antique Map of Classical City of Sparta

Ancient sparta theater

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The remains of the Temple of Artemis Orthia in Sparta on 15 May 2019

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The last remaining section of wall thats surrounded ancient Sparta

Sparta was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece. Unlike other Greek city-states such as Athens, which was famous for its philosophy, democracy, and arts, Sparta was known for its military strength, discipline, and warrior society. The city-state was located in the region of Laconia, in the southeastern Peloponnese.

History

Sparta's history is marked by its military conquests and its rivalry with other Greek city-states, most notably Athens. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), a conflict between Sparta and Athens, ended with Spartan victory, but it also marked the decline of Spartan dominance in ancient Greece.

Origins

Sparta, according to legend, was founded by Lacedaemon, the son of Zeus and Taygete, who named the city after his wife, Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas. Archaeologically, Sparta has been traced back to the 10th century BC, growing from a cluster of settlements around the central hill of the Acropolis.

Spartan Society

Spartan society was highly militarized; all male citizens were professional soldiers. Society was divided into three main classes: the Spartiates (full citizens with military training), the Perioeci (free but non-citizen inhabitants who were mainly traders and craftsmen), and the Helots (state-owned serfs primarily of Messenian origin, who worked the land).

Agoge

The Agoge was the rigorous education and training regimen mandated for all male Spartan citizens, except for the firstborn son in the ruling houses. The training involved learning stealth, loyalty, military training, hunting, dancing, singing, and social (communicative) preparation. The aim was to produce well-disciplined soldiers and citizens.

Government

Sparta had a unique form of government that combined elements of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy. It was ruled by two kings, who led the Spartan army on its campaigns. There was also a council of elders, known as the Gerousia, which included the two kings and 28 other members over the age of 60, elected for life. Additionally, the Apella was an assembly of male citizens who had the power to elect officials and pass laws.

Military

The Spartan military was widely regarded as the most powerful in ancient Greece. Spartans were trained to be soldiers from a young age, and their prowess in battle was unmatched. The most famous military unit was the Spartan hoplites, a phalanx formation of heavily armed soldiers with long spears and shields. The Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartans led by King Leonidas made a legendary stand against the Persian army, is a testament to their military skill and bravery.

Culture

Despite their military focus, Spartans also contributed to arts and culture. They were known for their concise speech, which led to the term "Laconic phrase." Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in classical antiquity.

Decline

The decline of Sparta began with its defeat by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC. This defeat broke Spartan dominance over the Peloponnese. In the following years, Sparta struggled to maintain its influence and was eventually absorbed into the Achaean League.

Legacy

Sparta's legacy continues to fascinate historians and the public alike. Its unique society, military prowess, and battles have been the subject of numerous studies, books, and films. The term "Spartan" has become synonymous with austerity, discipline, and courage.