Squamous-cell carcinoma

A type of skin cancer originating from squamous cells

Squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that originates from the squamous cells, which are flat cells located in the outer part of the epidermis. It is one of the most common forms of skin cancer, second only to basal-cell carcinoma.

Pathophysiology

Squamous-cell carcinoma arises from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells. These cells are found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, and are responsible for forming the surface of the skin. SCC can occur in any area of the body that has squamous cells, including the skin, lips, mouth, esophagus, bladder, prostate, lungs, vagina, and cervix.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing squamous-cell carcinoma:

• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Prolonged exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds is a major risk factor.
• Fair skin: Individuals with lighter skin, hair, and eye color are at higher risk.
• Age: The risk increases with age, particularly in individuals over 50.
• Immunosuppression: People with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients, are more susceptible.
• History of skin cancer: A previous history of skin cancer increases the risk of developing SCC.

Clinical Presentation

Squamous-cell carcinoma often appears as a rough, scaly patch on the skin that may bleed or become crusty. It can also present as a firm red nodule or a flat sore with a scaly crust. SCCs are most commonly found on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, ears, neck, lips, and backs of the hands.

A squamous-cell carcinoma on the skin.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma is typically made through a combination of physical examination and biopsy. During a biopsy, a small sample of the suspicious tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.

Treatment

Treatment options for squamous-cell carcinoma depend on the size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Common treatments include:

• Surgical excision: The cancerous tissue is surgically removed.
• Mohs surgery: A precise surgical technique used to remove skin cancer layer by layer.
• Radiation therapy: High-energy rays are used to destroy cancer cells.
• Cryotherapy: The cancerous cells are frozen using liquid nitrogen.
• Topical chemotherapy: Medications are applied directly to the skin to kill cancer cells.

Prognosis

The prognosis for squamous-cell carcinoma is generally good, especially when detected early. Most cases can be cured with appropriate treatment. However, if left untreated, SCC can grow larger and spread to other parts of the body, becoming more difficult to treat.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Avoiding excessive sun exposure and using sunscreen with a high SPF.
• Wearing protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses when outdoors.
• Avoiding tanning beds.
• Regular skin examinations by a healthcare professional.

Related pages

• Basal-cell carcinoma
• Melanoma
• Skin cancer
• Actinic keratosis