Sumerians

The Sumerians were an ancient people who lived in the southern part of Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq. They are credited with the creation of one of the world's earliest civilizations around 4500 BC, during the Ubaid period. Sumerian civilization flourished until approximately 1900 BC, transitioning through various periods until the rise of the Akkadian Empire.

History

The history of the Sumerians is often divided into several periods, starting with the Ubaid period, followed by the Uruk period, the Early Dynastic Period, and finally the Akkadian Empire and Ur III period. The Sumerians are known for their innovations in various fields, including writing, law, and architecture.

Ubaid and Uruk Periods

During the Ubaid period, the Sumerians established some of the first urban centers such as Eridu, Uruk, and Ur. The subsequent Uruk period saw the proliferation of urbanization and the invention of cuneiform script, which marked the beginning of recorded history.

Early Dynastic Period

The Early Dynastic Period was characterized by the formation of city-states, each governed by its own king. This period saw the construction of significant architectural projects, including ziggurats, and the development of complex economic and social structures.

Akkadian Empire and Ur III Period

The rise of the Akkadian Empire under Sargon of Akkad marked the first empire in history, which unified various Sumerian and Akkadian city-states. Following the fall of the Akkadian Empire, the Ur III period represented a Sumerian renaissance, with the last great Sumerian dynasty centered at Ur.

Culture

Sumerian culture was rich and complex, influencing subsequent cultures in the region. Their religious system was polytheistic, worshipping a pantheon of gods such as Anu, Enlil, Inanna, and Enki. Sumerians made significant contributions to art, literature, and science.

Language and Writing

The Sumerian language is a language isolate, and its origins remain a mystery. Sumerians developed cuneiform, initially for keeping records but later for documenting their literature and laws, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu.

Religion and Mythology

Sumerian religion involved the worship of multiple gods, each associated with natural elements and aspects of life. Their mythology is preserved in several epic poems and stories, including the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest known works of literature.

Legacy

The legacy of the Sumerians is evident in many aspects of modern society, including writing, law, and urban planning. Their innovations laid the groundwork for future civilizations in Mesopotamia and beyond.

See also

• Cuneiform script
• Ziggurat
• Mesopotamian mythology
• History of Iraq

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