Supertonic

File:Minor seventh chord on d ii7 in C.mid File:Half-diminished seventh chord on supertonic in C minor.mid

Ii-V-I turnaround in C

File:Ii-V-I turnaround in C.mid

Acorde de sexta napolitana

File:Neapolitan sixth.mid Supertonic is the second degree or note of a diatonic scale, one step above the tonic. It is an important concept in the field of music theory, where it plays a crucial role in the construction of scales, chords, and harmony. The supertonic can be found in both major and minor scales, and its character and function can vary depending on the musical context in which it is used.

Definition and Characteristics

In a diatonic scale, which consists of seven distinct pitches arranged in a specific sequence of whole and half steps, the supertonic is the second pitch. For example, in the C major scale, the notes are C (tonic), D (supertonic), E, F, G, A, and B. Here, D serves as the supertonic. It is called "supertonic" because it is above ("super") the tonic, which is the first and foundational note of any scale.

The supertonic can serve various functions in music. It often acts as a leading tone to the mediant, the third degree of the scale, creating a sense of movement and progression within a piece. In harmony, the chord built on the supertonic note is called the supertonic chord. In a major key, this chord is typically a minor chord (ii), and in a minor key, it is usually diminished (ii°).

Supertonic Chord

The supertonic chord plays a significant role in tonal music, particularly in the creation of chord progressions. In the context of harmonic progression, it often precedes the dominant, the fifth degree of the scale, leading to a V-I (dominant-tonic) resolution, which is a fundamental progression in Western music. The supertonic chord can also lead to other chords, serving as a pivot in modulation or as part of more complex harmonic sequences.

Usage in Composition

Composers use the supertonic and its chord to add tension, contrast, or variety to a piece. It can introduce a sense of instability that seeks resolution, either back to the tonic or forward to another chord, thus driving the music forward. In counterpoint, the supertonic note can be used to create dissonances that resolve to more consonant intervals, enriching the texture of the music.

Examples

- In the key of C major, the supertonic is D, and the supertonic chord is D minor (D-F-A). - In the key of A minor, the supertonic is B, and the supertonic chord is B diminished (B-D-F).

Conclusion

The supertonic is a fundamental concept in music theory, offering composers and musicians a wide range of expressive possibilities. Its role in scales, chords, and harmonic progressions makes it an essential element of musical composition and analysis.