Symbolism (arts)

Henri Fantin-Latour - By the Table - Google Art Project

Étienne Carjat, Portrait of Charles Baudelaire, circa 1862

Eugen Bracht - Das Gestade der Vergessenheit (1889)

Félicien Rops - Pornokratès - 1878 (2)

TheKnightAtTheCrossroads

File:Floupette - Les Déliquescences, 1885.djvu Symbolism in the arts refers to the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities in literature, visual arts, music, and other forms of cultural expressions. Originating in the late 19th century in France, Symbolism was a reaction against the naturalism and realism that dominated the arts during the 19th century. Symbolists sought to express the mystical, the unconscious, and the spiritual aspects of the human experience through indirect suggestion, rather than direct description.

Origins and Development

Symbolism emerged in the 1880s in France as a literary movement with poets such as Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Paul Verlaine leading the way. These poets believed that the purpose of art was not to represent the world as it appears, but to express the artist's inner vision. The movement quickly spread to other forms of art, including painting, where artists like Gustave Moreau and Odilon Redon created works that were filled with symbolic content, often drawing on mythological or dreamlike subjects.

Characteristics

Symbolist artists and writers favored themes of fantasy, the mystical, and the erotic. They often employed symbols to suggest ideas and emotions, believing that these symbols could evoke responses more deeply than the literal meaning of words or the direct depiction of subjects. In literature, this led to the use of metaphor, allegory, and symbolism to convey complex human experiences. In visual arts, symbolism manifested through the use of dreamlike imagery, the depiction of mythological figures, and the exploration of themes like death, love, and the soul.

Influence

The influence of Symbolism was far-reaching, affecting not only the arts within France but also inspiring movements in Russia, Belgium, and beyond. It had a profound impact on the development of modern art, contributing to the emergence of Surrealism and Expressionism. Symbolism's emphasis on the subjective interpretation of the world laid the groundwork for these later movements, which further explored the possibilities of representing the human psyche and emotions through art.

Notable Figures

In literature, beyond the French poets, authors such as Fyodor Dostoevsky in Russia and William Butler Yeats in Ireland were influenced by Symbolist themes. In the visual arts, Edvard Munch from Norway, known for his iconic work The Scream, is often associated with Symbolism, as are Belgian artist Fernand Khnopff and Swiss artist Arnold Böcklin.

Legacy

Today, Symbolism is recognized as a key movement in the transition from traditional to modern art. Its legacy can be seen in the way contemporary artists and writers use symbols to explore and express complex, often ineffable aspects of human experience. The movement's emphasis on the subjective, the mystical, and the emotional continues to resonate, demonstrating the enduring power of symbols in art.