Temperance (virtue)

Piero del Pollaiolo temperance

Temperance, Chilham

Eglise de Commana2012 469

Temperance is a virtue that has been valued by numerous cultures and philosophical traditions throughout history. It is often defined as moderation or self-restraint in action, thought, or feeling; especially in the avoidance of excesses. Temperance is considered one of the four Cardinal virtues in classical philosophy, along with prudence, justice, and fortitude. The concept of temperance has played a significant role in various religious teachings, moral philosophies, and ethical frameworks.

History and Philosophy

The idea of temperance dates back to ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and Romans. In Greek philosophy, temperance was called sophrosyne, a concept that implied a harmonious control over one's desires and passions. It was believed to be essential for achieving eudaimonia, or a flourishing life. Plato, in his works such as The Republic, emphasized the importance of temperance, along with the other cardinal virtues, in the construction of a just society and the development of a balanced individual.

Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics, discussed temperance in the context of moral virtues, defining it as a mean between the extremes of excess and deficiency. For Aristotle, temperance specifically related to pleasures of the body, particularly those of food, drink, and sex, and was a matter of regulating such pleasures to achieve a balanced and virtuous life.

In Christian theology, temperance is one of the seven heavenly virtues, counteracting the sin of gluttony. The Bible advocates for temperance, presenting it as a virtue that leads to self-control and a life in accordance with God's will. Throughout the Middle Ages, Christian philosophers and theologians, including Thomas Aquinas, further developed the concept of temperance, integrating it into the Christian ethical framework.

Modern Interpretations

In contemporary discussions, temperance often extends beyond its traditional association with food and drink to include moderation in all aspects of life, including the use of technology, consumption of resources, and environmental sustainability. The virtue of temperance is seen as relevant to addressing issues such as addiction, consumerism, and climate change, promoting a more mindful and sustainable way of living.

Temperance Movements

The term "temperance" has also been associated with social movements aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages or advocating for total abstinence. The Temperance movement gained prominence in the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom, where it was linked to efforts to address social problems caused by alcohol abuse. These movements played a significant role in the enactment of prohibition laws in several countries.

In Popular Culture

Temperance as a virtue is depicted in various works of literature, art, and film, often portrayed as a character trait that enables individuals to overcome challenges and achieve their goals. It remains a subject of interest in discussions about personal development, ethics, and morality.

See Also

• Virtue ethics
• Seven deadly sins
• Prohibition
• Self-control