Tessera

Chapelle Palatine

st.peters.basilica.tesserae.arp

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Hagia Sophia Interior Virgin 2007

Wooden block with hammer and cutting board for cutting mosaic tiles

Tessera (plural: tesserae) are small blocks of stone, tile, glass, or other materials used in the creation of mosaic art. The individual pieces are cut into various shapes and sizes and then arranged to form a pattern or image. Tesserae have been a fundamental component in the art of mosaic making since ancient times, showcasing the creativity and artistic skills of civilizations across history.

History

The use of tesserae dates back to the 3rd millennium BC in ancient Mesopotamia, where pieces of colored stones, shells, and ivory were used in decorations. However, it was the Greeks in the 4th century BC who elevated the use of tesserae by introducing more detailed and refined mosaics. This technique was further perfected by the Romans, who used tesserae extensively to depict scenes of mythology, daily life, and geometric patterns in both public buildings and private homes.

Materials

Tesserae can be made from a variety of materials, including:

• Stone: Natural stones like marble, limestone, and granite are commonly used for their durability and natural colors.
• Glass: Glass tesserae offer a wide range of colors and can be made to either reflect or absorb light, adding depth to the mosaic.
• Ceramic: Ceramic or pottery pieces are often used for their earthy tones and texture.
• Metal: Small pieces of gold, silver, or other metals are sometimes used to add a luxurious element to the mosaic.

Techniques

The creation of a mosaic using tesserae involves several steps:

1. Design: The artist sketches the design on the surface where the mosaic will be applied.
2. Application: An adhesive is spread on the surface, and the tesserae are placed according to the design.
3. Grouting: After the adhesive has set, grout is applied to fill the spaces between the tesserae, securing them in place and completing the mosaic.

Cultural Significance

Mosaics adorned a variety of surfaces in ancient cultures, including floors, walls, and ceilings of both secular and sacred buildings. They were not only decorative but also served to convey cultural themes and narratives, reflecting the social and religious practices of the time.

Preservation

Many ancient mosaics have survived to the present day, offering insight into the cultures that created them. Preservation efforts are crucial to protect these historical artworks from environmental and human-induced damage. Techniques include stabilization, cleaning, and sometimes, relocation to museums where they can be more effectively conserved.

Modern Use

Today, tesserae continue to be used by artists and designers, embracing both traditional and contemporary styles. Mosaics are found in public art, home decor, and commercial spaces, demonstrating the enduring appeal of this intricate art form.