Erythritol tetranitrate

Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a powerful explosive compound chemically related to the more commonly known nitroglycerin and trinitrotoluene (TNT). It is synthesized through the nitration of erythritol, a type of sugar alcohol found in fruits and plants. ETN is notable for its stability, relatively low sensitivity to shock and friction, and high detonation velocity, making it of interest for both military and civilian applications. Despite its explosive properties, ETN has also been researched for potential use in medical contexts, similar to nitroglycerin, for the treatment of angina pectoris.

Properties

ETN is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of approximately 61°C. It is soluble in solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate, but is less soluble in water. The explosive power of ETN is slightly higher than that of TNT, making it a potent explosive. Its stability under various conditions makes it safer to handle and store compared to other high explosives.

Synthesis

The synthesis of ETN involves the nitration of erythritol with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The process requires careful control of temperature and the acid concentrations to prevent the formation of undesired by-products and to ensure the safety of the procedure. After nitration, the ETN is purified through recrystallization from a suitable solvent.

Applications

While ETN's primary interest lies in its explosive properties, its potential medical applications have also been explored. Similar to nitroglycerin, ETN can act as a vasodilator, expanding blood vessels and increasing blood flow. This property has led to research into its use for treating conditions such as angina pectoris, where improved blood flow can alleviate symptoms. However, the use of ETN in medicine is limited by its explosive nature and the availability of safer alternatives.

Safety and Handling

Due to its explosive characteristics, the handling and storage of ETN require strict safety measures. It is less sensitive to shock and friction than nitroglycerin, but it can still detonate under certain conditions. Safety protocols include the use of non-sparking tools, proper storage containers, and controlled environments to minimize the risk of accidental detonation.

Legal Status

The production, possession, and use of ETN are regulated by laws in many countries due to its potential use in the manufacture of explosive devices. Regulations typically require permits for handling and restrict its use to authorized individuals and purposes.

See Also

• Explosive material
• Nitration
• Vasodilator
• Angina pectoris