Tone (linguistics)

Six tones of Vietnamese language

Vietnamese tone northern

Pinyin Tone Chart

Tone (linguistics) refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning – that is, the meaning of words and sentences. It is a key feature of many languages around the world, particularly in Africa, East Asia, and Central America. Unlike intonation, which can vary freely to express emotional or grammatical subtleties across languages, tone involves systematic use of pitch to encode specific lexical or grammatical information.

Definition and Function

In tonal languages, the pitch, or tone, on which a syllable is pronounced can change the meaning of a word, even if the sequence of consonants and vowels are the same. For example, in Mandarin Chinese, the word "ma" can mean "mother," "hemp," "horse," or "scold," depending on the tone used. This feature distinguishes tonal languages from non-tonal languages, where pitch variations do not typically alter the meaning of words.

Types of Tones

Tonal languages can have a variety of tone systems. The most common types include:

• Register tones: These involve relatively stable pitch levels, such as high, mid, and low.
• Contour tones: These involve a change in pitch over the duration of the syllable, such as rising, falling, high-rising, or falling-rising tones.

Languages may use a combination of these types and can have anywhere from two to nine distinct tones.

Tone and Orthography

The representation of tone in writing varies widely among tonal languages. Some languages, like Mandarin Chinese, use diacritics on vowels to indicate tone. Others, such as many African languages, use a combination of diacritics and additional letters. Some languages, however, do not have a standardized system for writing tone.

Tone and Phonology

Tone is considered a phonemic feature in tonal languages, meaning that it is crucial for distinguishing meaning. The study of tone from a phonological perspective involves understanding how tones interact with each other and how they are realized across different contexts in speech. This includes the study of tone sandhi, which refers to the rules governing the changes in tone that occur in certain linguistic environments.

Tonal Languages and Language Learning

For speakers of non-tonal languages, learning a tonal language can present unique challenges. The perception and production of tone require acute attention to pitch and the ability to reproduce pitch patterns accurately. Language teaching methodologies for tonal languages often emphasize listening and speaking practice to help learners develop these skills.

Research and Technology

Research in the field of linguistics and phonetics continues to explore the complexities of tone, including its acoustic properties, neurological basis, and variation across languages. Advances in technology, such as speech recognition and synthesis software, increasingly incorporate tonal analysis to improve accuracy in tonal language processing.