Topographical

Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area could refer to the surface shapes and features themselves, or a description (especially their depiction in maps).

Overview

Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial features, and even local history and culture. This broad definition is also used by Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing.

History

The history of topography as a scientific discipline dates back to the era of explorers, when new lands were being discovered. These pioneers would map the new territories and record the different landscapes, natural resources, and indigenous peoples they encountered.

Techniques

Topographical surveys are typically conducted by professional surveyors, who use a variety of tools and methods to measure and record the physical characteristics of a land area. These may include measurements of elevation, contours, vegetation, and man-made features such as buildings or roads.

Applications

Topography has a number of practical applications in fields such as geology, civil engineering, landscape architecture, urban planning, and military science. It is also essential in the planning and execution of nearly any form of construction.

See also

• Cartography
• Geodesy
• Geography
• Geomorphology
• Physical Geography