Trepanation

Trepanation is a surgical intervention where a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull, exposing the dura mater to treat health problems related to intracranial diseases or release pressured blood buildup from an injury. It has been used since prehistoric times and is still used in certain modern medicine practices.

History

Trepanation is perhaps the oldest surgical procedure for which there is archaeological evidence, and in some areas may have been quite widespread. The procedure has been performed since the Neolithic period. The earliest clear evidence of trepanation dates to approximately 7,000 years ago.

Procedure

The procedure of trepanation involves the use of a trepan, a surgical instrument with a handle and a cylindrical blade. The blade can be adjusted to the desired depth and is used to remove a disc of bone from the skull.

Modern Use

In modern medicine, trepanation is used for surgical access for neurosurgery, such as to relieve pressure or to create a window for procedures such as brain biopsy and craniotomy.

Risks and Complications

Like any surgical procedure, trepanation carries potential risks and complications. These can include infection, bleeding, and damage to the underlying brain tissue.

See Also

• Craniotomy
• Neurosurgery
• History of surgery
• Neolithic