Trinitrocellulose

Trinitrocellulose (also known as Nitrocellulose or Guncotton) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it was originally known as guncotton.

History

Trinitrocellulose was first created in 1846 by the Swiss chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein. He discovered the material by accident when he spilled a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid and tried to wipe it up with a cotton apron. After the apron dried, it ignited and he noted the potential of this new material.

Production

The production of trinitrocellulose begins with the immersion of cellulose, often in the form of cotton, in a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The nitric acid introduces nitro groups to the cellulose molecule, while the sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst and absorbs the water produced by the reaction.

Properties and Uses

Trinitrocellulose is a white, fibrous material that is highly flammable. It burns rapidly and with a high temperature, making it useful as a propellant in firearms and artillery. It is also used in the production of smokeless powder, a type of propellant used in firearms and artillery that produces minimal smoke and leaves little residue.

In addition to its use in firearms and artillery, trinitrocellulose has been used in the production of celluloid, an early type of plastic, and in the production of lacquers and varnishes.

Safety and Environmental Concerns

Due to its highly flammable nature, trinitrocellulose must be handled with care. It can ignite from heat, sparks, or flames, and once ignited, it burns rapidly and can cause serious injury or death. It is also sensitive to shock and friction, which can cause it to explode.

Trinitrocellulose is also an environmental concern. Its production involves the use of strong acids, which can cause environmental damage if not properly managed. Additionally, the burning of trinitrocellulose releases nitrogen oxides, which contribute to air pollution and the formation of acid rain.

See Also

• Nitrocellulose
• Guncotton
• Smokeless powder
• Celluloid