USMLE Step1 SuperMemo KLN Physiology

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Lecture Notes Physiology p.124-131

C: Physiology
Q: What vessel is most compliant in the body
A: Aorta
3: Hemodynamics
4: Lecture Notes p.124-8

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C: Physiology
Q: Increasing the  ... will increase the ... => laminal flow
A: -hematocrit//-viscosity
3: Hemodynamics
4: Lecture Notes p.124-12

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C: Physiology
Q: Increase in ... and an icrease in ... will promote turbulence
A: -diameter//-velocity
3: Hemodynamics
4: Lecture Notes p.124-12 

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C: Physiology
Q: The ... a vessel is from the heart vertically, the greater the change in pressure
A: farther
3: Hemodynamics
4: Lecture Notes p.125-16

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C: Physiology
Q: The greates pressure difference between systemic ... and ...
A: arteries and viens
3: Hemodynamics
4: Lecture Notes p.125-19

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C: Physiology
Q: Coronary Flow is directly proportionalt to the __
A: work of the heart
3: Hemodynamics
4: Lecture Notes p.128-9

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C: Physiology
Q: Lying on the back, or with the face upward is ...
A: supine
3: Terminology
4: Lecture Notes p.130-6

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C: Physiology
Q: To minimize leg vein dilation during standing, you have to 
A: rhythmically contract the muscle to move the toes.
3: Hemodynamics
4: Lecture Notes p.131-10

Lecture Notes Physiology p.160-173

C: Physiology
Q: A_band is the region of the ... or ... filament. At resting length there will be some overlap b/w the ... and ... filaments, the A_band will elso contain some ... .
A: -thick or myosin//-the myosin and actin filaments//-some actin
3: Muscle Physiology
4: Lecture Notes p.160-3

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C: Physiology
Q: Ca++ sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticlulum during a twitch is derctly related to __.
A: the rate of relaxation (move Ca++ back into the srcplsm reticulum, energy dependent)
3: Muscle Physiology
4: Lecture Notes p.160-4

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C: Physiology
Q: When skel muscle shortens there is a decrease in the width of the ..._band
A: -I_band length decreases with contraction
3: Muscle Physiology
4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

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C: Physiology
Q: Actin without overlapped myosin is ...-band.//In contraction ...
A: -I_band//-Shorten
3: Muscle Physiology
4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

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C: Physiology
Q: The length of the myosin filaments is ..._band.//In contraction ...
A: -A_band//-Unchanged
3: Muscle Physiology
4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

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C: Physiology
Q: Myosin w/o overlapped actin is a ...-band.//In contraction ...
A: -H_band//-Shorten
3: Muscle Physiology
4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

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C: Physiology
Q: AP Phase 0//... channels ..., ..crease G(Na+)//... ..flux couses ... .
A: Fast channels open, Increase G(Na+)//Sodium influx couses depolarization
3: Ionic Basis of the AP
4: Lecture Notes p.169

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C: Physiology
Q: AP Phase 1//The slight ..polarization is due to a ... current and the ... of the ... channels
A: The repolatization is due to a K+ current and the closing fo the Na+ channels
3: Ionic Basis of the AP
4: Lecture Notes p.169

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C: Physiology
Q: AP Phase 2//... ... channels are open, ... ..flux//... leaks out.//..._voltage are closed.
A: Slow Ca++ channels are open, calcium influx.//K+ leask out//K+_voltage are closed
3: Ionic Basis of the AP
4: Lecture Notes p.170

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C: Physiology
Q: AP Phase 3//.._voltage channels are ... => outflow of ...
A: K+_voltage channels are reopened => outflow of K+
3: Ionic Basis of the AP
4: Lecture Notes p.170

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C: Physiology
Q: Ungated K+ channels ... @rest
A: Ungated potassium channels OPEN@rest
3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest
4: Lecture Notes p.167

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C: Physiology
Q: Voltage-Gated (-Dependent) Na+ channels ... @rest
A: Sodium_voltage gated CLOSED@rest
3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest
4: Lecture Notes p.167

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C: Physiology
Q: Ca++_voltage channels ... @rest
A: calcium channels CLOSED@rest
3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest
4: Lecture Notes p.168

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C: Physiology
Q: AP K+_voltage gated (open|closed) at rest//... when depolarizeation began.
A: K+_voltage open at rest// closed in depolarization.
3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest
4: Lecture Notes p.168

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C: Physiology
Q: List specialized cell of the heart. [3]
A: -SinoAtrial (SA) node//-AtrioVentricular (AV) node//-Purkinje fibers
3: AP of specialized cells
4: Lecture Notes p.171

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C: Physiology
Q: AP of SA node//Phase.0 is mainly a ...-... channel 
A: AP of SA node in Phase.0 is slow-Ca++ channel
3: SA node cells
4: Lecture Notes p.171

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C: Physiology
Q: AP of SA node//Phase.3 is due to a ..._... (and ...) ..flux
A: Phase.3 is due to a K+_voltage gated (and ungated) efflux
3: SA node cells
4: Lecture Notes p.171

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C: Physiology
Q: AP of SA node//Phase.4 is due to ... of ..._.../.../... 
A: influx Na+_slow//Ca++//K+
3: SA node cells
4: Lecture Notes p.171

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C: Physiology
Q: Symp works on Phase...//..crease ... conductance =>membrane become (+|-)
A: SANS works on Phase.4//decrease K+ conductance =>membrane become (+)
3: SA node cells
4: Lecture Notes p.172

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C: Physiology
Q: Parasymp works on Phase...//by ..crease ... conductance (... ...) =>membrane (+|-)
A: PANS whorks on Phase.3,4//by increase K+ conductance (loosing K+) =>hyperpolorize membrane (-)
3: SA node cells
4: Lecture Notes p.172

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C: Physiology
Q: SA nodal cell//intrinsic rate=...//... pacemaker
A: intr rate=100-120/min//primary pacemaker
3: Automaticity of the heart
4: Lecture Notes p.173

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C: Physiology
Q: AV nodal cell//intrinsic rate=...//... pacemaker
A: intr rate=40-60/min//secondary pacemaker
3: Automaticity of the heart
4: Lecture Notes p.173

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C: Physiology
Q: Purkinje cells//intrinsic rate=...//... velocity
A: intr rate=30-40//highest velocity
3: Automaticity of the heart
4: Lecture Notes p.173

Lecture Notes Physiology p.221-228

C: Physiology
Q: High Ca++ conductance, because they are ...-... gated, peack in ... phase of the AP
A: they are slow-voltage gated//peack in plateau phase
3: Electrical Activity of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.221-4

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C: Physiology
Q: Force of contraction relativly insencitive to extracellular Ca++ in ... muscle
A: Skeletal muscle
3: Electrical Activity of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.221-5

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C: Physiology
Q: Force of contraction relativly sencitive to extracellular Ca++ in ... muscle
A: Cardiac muscle
3: Electrical Activity of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.221-5

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C: Physiology
Q: Changes associated with contractility increase
A: increase//-dp/dt during isovolum contraction//-peak intaventr pressure//-rate of relaxation of the miocardium
3: Pumping Action of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.222-10

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C: Physiology
Q: Epi will increase the ... of the myocardium and heart rate.
A: contractility
3: Pumping Action of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.222-10

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C: Physiology
Q: The 2nd heart sound occurs at the end of ... and is the combination of the ... of the ... and ... valves
A: -systole//-closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves
3: Pumping Action of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.222-11

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C: Physiology
Q: The dicrotic notch occurs at the end of ventr systole and is produced by the close of the ... valve//Elso marks beginning of ... ventric relaxation
A: -close of the aortic valve//-isovolumetric ventric relax 
3: Pumping Action of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.223-12

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C: Physiology
Q: Increased volume work of the ventr means an increase in ... pumped (CO) without a sighnificant change in ...;//i.e. ..., ...
A: -volume//-no change in afterload (BP)//i.e. anemia, hyperthyroididsm
3: Pumping Action of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.223-13

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C: Physiology
Q: Increaded pressure work of the ventr means a sighnificant increase in ...//i.e. __, __
A: afterload (BP)//i.e. aortic stenosis, intraatrial septal defect (R Ventr)
3: Pumping Action of the Heart
4: Lecture Notes p.223-13

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C: Physiology
Q: Distinct difference bw aortic stenosis and mitral regurg is __
A: Pressure gradient across the aortic valve during systole in aortic stenosis.
3: Cardiovascular Patient Cases
4: Lecture Notes p.223-1

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C: Physiology
Q: Lifting a heavy load causes initiation of ... maneuver (high abdominal pressure). This complress the ... and temporary ... ...
A: -Valsalva maneuver//-compress the aorta => raises TPR
3: BP Regulation
4: Lecture Notes p.224-5

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C: Physiology
Q: The beat that follows a sudden increase in pulmonary arterial pressure have ..creased R_ventr stroke volume
A: Decreased right ventr stroke volume
3: BP Regulation
4: Lecture Notes p.224-7

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C: Physiology
Q: PDA have ..creased L_ventr stroke volume
A: Increased left ventr stroke volume
3: BP Regulation
4: Lecture Notes p.224-8

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C: Physiology
Q: A 30% cecrease in the total blood vol does NOT cause a reflex vasoconstriction in __[2]
A: -Cerebral//-Coronary circulation
3: BP Regulation
4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.2

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C: Physiology
Q: Resistance to flow decreased during running even when body temprtr remains constant in __[4]
A: -Coronary//-Pulmonary//-Gastrocnemius muscle//-Cutaneus circulation
3: BP Regulation
4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.4

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C: Physiology
Q: ... circulation contains high- and low-pressure capillaries that are in series with each other.
A: Renal circulation
3: BP Regulation
4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.5

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C: Physiology
Q: ... veins have the highest concentration of oxygen found in the systemic circulation.
A: Renal
3: BP Regulation
4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.8

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C: Physiology
Q: Pt. with interatrial septum defect have increased in __
A: Right atrial PO2 (shows exact location)
3: General CV Questions
4: Lecture Notes p.227-3

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C: Physiology
Q: If during the pateau phase of ventric muscle AP, the conductance to K+ was closer to that under resting conditions it will __
A: reduce plateau phase//(reduce rate and magnitude of depolarization)
3: General CV Questions
4: Lecture Notes p.227-4

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C: Physiology
Q: The sudden large pulsations are a result of the Swan-Ganz catheter entering the ... ...
A: right ventricle
3: General CV Questions
4: Lecture Notes p.228-7

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C: Physiology
Q: Pressure-Volume loop increased in all directions for a 2mm represent ... ...
A: heavy exercise
3: General CV Questions
4: Lecture Notes p.228-10

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