Udder

Udder

A cow's udder

The udder is an organ formed of two or four mammary glands on the females of dairy animals and ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep, and deer. It is a critical component in the production of milk, which is used for feeding offspring and for human consumption.

Anatomy

The udder is divided into separate sections called "quarters," each with its own teat. In cows, there are typically four quarters, while other animals like goats and sheep may have two. Each quarter functions independently, with its own milk-producing tissue and duct system.

Teats

The teat is the external projection from which milk is secreted. It is equipped with a sphincter muscle that helps control the release of milk. The teat canal is a critical barrier against infection, preventing bacteria from entering the udder.

Milk Production

Milk is produced in the alveoli, small sac-like structures within the udder. These alveoli are lined with milk-secreting epithelial cells. Milk is stored in the alveoli and small ducts until it is released during milking.

Physiology

The process of milk production is regulated by hormones such as prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin stimulates milk production, while oxytocin is responsible for the "let-down" reflex, which releases milk from the alveoli into the ducts and out through the teats.

Health and Maintenance

Proper care and maintenance of the udder are essential for the health of the animal and the quality of milk produced. Common issues include mastitis, an infection of the udder that can significantly affect milk production and quality.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, usually caused by bacterial infection. It is one of the most common diseases in dairy cattle and can lead to decreased milk yield and quality. Prevention and treatment involve good hygiene practices and, in some cases, antibiotics.

Related pages

• Mammary gland
• Lactation
• Dairy farming
• Milk