Urticating hair

Urticating hairs are specialized structures found on some plants and animals, particularly certain types of caterpillars and spiders. These hairs are a defensive mechanism designed to protect against predators. When these hairs come into contact with skin or mucous membranes, they can cause irritation, pain, itching, and in some cases, allergic reactions. This article will delve into the nature, function, and effects of urticating hairs, as well as the species that possess them.

Overview

Urticating hairs are primarily found in some species of the order Lepidoptera (which includes butterflies and moths) and in several families of spiders, notably the Theraphosidae (tarantulas). These hairs are sharp, bristling structures that can detach from the animal and embed in the skin or mucous membranes of potential predators or humans. The term "urticating" is derived from the Latin word urtica, meaning nettle, a plant known for its stinging hairs.

Mechanism

The mechanism of action for urticating hairs involves both mechanical and chemical components. Mechanically, the sharpness of the hairs allows them to penetrate the skin easily. Chemically, many urticating hairs are coated with or contain toxins that, when released upon contact or penetration, cause various degrees of irritation or harm. In caterpillars, these hairs may be connected to poison glands, which inject toxins when the hairs penetrate the skin. In spiders, the hairs are often flicked or released into the air as a cloud that can deter or harm predators.

Effects

The effects of contact with urticating hairs can range from mild to severe and may include itching, rash, redness, swelling, and pain at the site of contact. In more severe cases, especially with certain species of tarantulas, symptoms can extend to difficulty breathing, a rapid heart rate, and systemic reactions in individuals allergic to the hairs. The severity of the reaction depends on the species, the amount of hair involved, and the sensitivity of the individual.

Species with Urticating Hairs

Caterpillars

Many caterpillars of the Lepidoptera order possess urticating hairs as a defense against predators. Notable examples include the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea), and the stinging rose caterpillar (Parasa indetermina).

Spiders

Among spiders, urticating hairs are a characteristic feature of many New World tarantulas, belonging to the family Theraphosidae. Different species possess different types of urticating hairs, categorized into several types based on their morphology and mode of action. The Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria) and various species of the genus Brachypelma are well-known for their urticating hairs.

Prevention and Treatment

Avoiding contact with species known to have urticating hairs is the primary method of prevention. If contact occurs, the affected area should not be rubbed, as this can cause the hairs to penetrate deeper into the skin. Washing the area with soap and water may help remove some hairs, and the application of ice packs or over-the-counter antihistamines can alleviate symptoms. In cases of severe reaction, medical attention should be sought.

Conclusion

Urticating hairs serve as an effective defense mechanism for certain species of caterpillars and spiders, deterring predators through the threat of irritation or more severe reactions. Understanding the nature and effects of these hairs can help in the prevention and treatment of their impacts on humans.