Usutu virus

Usutu virus (abbreviated as USUV) is a virus belonging to the Flavivirus genus, which is part of the larger Flaviviridae family. It was first identified in 1959 in the Usutu River in Swaziland, from which it derives its name. The virus is primarily transmitted through mosquito vectors, particularly the Culex species, and has been found in a variety of bird species, which serve as the main reservoir hosts.

History

The Usutu virus was first isolated in 1959 from a mosquito in Swaziland. Since then, it has been detected in various parts of Africa, including Senegal, Central African Republic, and South Africa. The first major outbreak of USUV outside Africa occurred in Austria in 2001, causing significant mortality in blackbirds.

Transmission

Usutu virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes. Birds are the main reservoir hosts of the virus, with the virus circulating between mosquitoes and birds. Humans and other mammals can also be infected, but they are considered incidental or dead-end hosts as they do not contribute to the virus transmission cycle.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

In birds, Usutu virus can cause severe disease, leading to significant mortality events. In humans, most USUV infections are asymptomatic. However, in some cases, it can cause fever, rash, headache, and jaundice. Severe neurological complications, such as encephalitis and meningitis, have also been reported.

Diagnosis of Usutu virus infection is based on laboratory testing, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology tests.

Prevention and Control

There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for Usutu virus. Prevention strategies focus on reducing exposure to mosquitoes, such as using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, and eliminating mosquito breeding sites.

See also

• West Nile virus
• Japanese encephalitis virus
• Zika virus