Vertebrate anatomy

Vertebrate anatomy refers to the structural organization of animals that belong to the subphylum Vertebrata, a primary division of the phylum Chordata. Vertebrates are distinguished by their vertebral column or backbone, which forms the main part of the internal skeleton.

Overview

Vertebrates encompass a diverse group of animals including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Despite the vast differences in external appearance, all vertebrates share common structural features, most notably a segmented backbone and a well-defined head.

Vertebral column

The vertebral column is a series of interconnected bones known as vertebrae, which provide support and protection for the spinal cord. The number and structure of the vertebrae vary among different vertebrate species, reflecting adaptations to different modes of life.

Head and skull

The head of a vertebrate houses the brain within a protective case called the skull. The skull also contains cavities for sense organs such as the eyes, ears, and nose. The structure and shape of the skull vary widely, reflecting differences in diet and lifestyle among vertebrate species.

Internal organs

Vertebrates possess a variety of internal organs that perform vital functions. These include the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body; the lungs or gills, which extract oxygen from the air or water; and the stomach and intestines, which digest food.

Muscular and nervous systems

The muscular system of vertebrates enables movement and is closely integrated with the skeletal system. The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, controls the body's responses to its environment.

Reproductive system

Vertebrates exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, but all have specialized reproductive organs. In most species, males and females have separate reproductive systems, although some species are hermaphroditic.

See also

• Comparative anatomy
• Animal anatomy
• Human anatomy