Vesicular exanthema

Vesicular Exanthema is a viral disease that primarily affects marine mammals, specifically seals and sea lions, but can also infect swine. It is caused by the Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus (VESV), a member of the Caliciviridae family.

History

Vesicular Exanthema was first identified in the 1930s in California, United States, during an outbreak among swine. The disease was initially mistaken for Foot-and-mouth disease, due to the similar clinical signs. However, further research identified it as a distinct disease caused by a different virus.

Transmission and Symptoms

The disease is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or indirectly through contaminated food or water. The virus can survive in the environment for extended periods, particularly in cold and wet conditions.

Symptoms of Vesicular Exanthema include fever, loss of appetite, and the development of vesicles or blisters on the skin, particularly around the mouth, feet, and teats. In severe cases, the disease can cause death, particularly in young animals.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of Vesicular Exanthema is based on clinical signs and confirmed through laboratory testing. The virus can be identified through electron microscopy, virus isolation, or serological testing.

There is no specific treatment for Vesicular Exanthema. Management of the disease involves supportive care, including hydration and pain relief, and measures to prevent secondary bacterial infections.

Prevention and Control

Prevention and control of Vesicular Exanthema involve biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of the virus. This includes quarantine of infected animals, disinfection of contaminated areas, and proper disposal of dead animals.

In the 1950s, a vaccine was developed and used to successfully eradicate the disease from swine in the United States. However, the disease continues to circulate among marine mammals, posing a potential risk to swine and other susceptible species.

See Also

• Viral diseases
• Marine mammal diseases
• Swine diseases

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