Viol

GambeUilderks

Viola da gamba

Violas de arco en un manuscrito del año 900 - 950

Viol VerkoljeJan Dutch 1674

VerkoljeJan CoupleDutch1674

StCeciliaDomenichinoLouvre

Viol is a stringed musical instrument that flourished in Europe from the late 15th century through the late 17th century. Also known as the viola da gamba, it is distinct from the violin family in several aspects. The term "viola da gamba" translates to "viol of the leg," indicating that the instrument was primarily held between the legs, similar to the modern cello, as opposed to the violin, which is held under the chin.

History

The origins of the viol can be traced back to the 15th century in Spain. It quickly spread throughout Europe, becoming particularly popular in Italy, France, England, and Germany. The viol was highly regarded for its deep, rich tone and was used in both solo and ensemble settings. It was a staple of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, featured in the music of composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, John Dowland, and Marin Marais.

Design and Construction

Viols are made in different sizes, similar to the modern string family, including treble, tenor, and bass viols. They have flat backs, unlike the curved back of the violin family, and vary in the number of strings, typically having six or seven, but sometimes up to seven strings. The strings are made of gut and are played with a bow. The bow grip for the viol differs from that of the violin, with the palm facing upwards.

The frets on the viol are made of gut, tied around the neck, and are movable, allowing for adjustments to intonation. The sound holes are shaped like a "C", "S", or sometimes a flame, which contributes to its distinctive sound. The tuning of the viol is generally in fourths with a third in the middle, contrasting with the violin's tuning in fifths.

Playing Technique

The playing technique for the viol involves a more underhanded bow grip and a gentler touch compared to the violin. This technique, combined with the viol's design, produces a sound that is rich and resonant, with a capacity for subtle expressiveness. The viol's repertoire is vast, encompassing a wide range of solo and ensemble music, including consort music, which is written for a group of viols of different sizes.

Decline and Revival

The popularity of the viol began to decline in the late 17th century as the violin family came to dominate the European musical scene. The brighter, more projecting sound of the violin was better suited to the musical tastes and larger concert venues of the time. By the 18th century, the viol had largely fallen out of favor, with few composers writing for it.

However, the 20th century saw a revival of interest in the viol and its music, part of the wider early music revival movement. Today, the viol is studied and played by musicians around the world, with societies dedicated to its promotion and a growing body of both historical and modern compositions for the instrument.

Conclusion

The viol holds a unique place in the history of music as a bridge between the medieval and modern worlds. Its rich, expressive sound and the extensive repertoire it inspired continue to captivate musicians and audiences alike. As a symbol of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the viol reminds us of the enduring power of music to transcend time and cultural boundaries.