Viperidae

Viperidae-01

Crotalus skull

Arabian Horned viper

Vipera berus in Finland

Crotalus atrox diamantklapperschlange kopf

Viperidae is a family of venomous snakes found in most parts of the world, excluding Antarctica, Australia, Hawaii, Madagascar, various other isolated islands, and north of the Arctic Circle. All have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of snake venom. The family is divided into two subfamilies: the Viperinae (vipers) and the Crotalinae (pit vipers). The members of this family are characterized by their wide heads, which are distinct from their narrow necks, and the presence of a sensory organ between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head, known as a pit, in the case of pit vipers. This article provides an overview of the Viperidae family, including their characteristics, habitat, behavior, and significance.

Characteristics

Viperidae species vary in size, ranging from the diminutive Hump-nosed viper (Hypnale hypnale), which grows to about 30 cm in length, to the much larger Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica), which can reach lengths of over 2 meters. Despite their differences in size, all vipers share certain morphological traits, such as a thick, heavy body, a short tail, and a triangular head. The fangs of vipers, which are their most distinctive feature, are capable of a high degree of movement, allowing them to be folded back against the roof of the mouth when not in use.

Habitat and Distribution

Viperidae snakes inhabit a wide range of environments, including deserts, forests, grasslands, and mountains. They are primarily found in the Eastern Hemisphere, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Europe. However, the subfamily Crotalinae, or pit vipers, have a broader distribution, extending into the Americas and parts of eastern Asia.

Behavior

Vipers are known for their ambush predation strategy. They often lie in wait for their prey, which includes small mammals, birds, and amphibians, striking with precision and speed when the opportunity arises. After delivering a venomous bite, vipers will track their prey if it does not succumb immediately. Most species are terrestrial, although some, like the arboreal pit vipers, spend a significant amount of time in trees.

Venom

The venom of Viperidae snakes is highly variable and adapted to their diet. Generally, it contains enzymes and proteins that cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and necrosis, and in severe cases, can lead to systemic effects like coagulopathy and shock. The potency and composition of the venom can vary not only between species but also within populations of the same species.

Conservation

Many species within the Viperidae family are threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, and persecution. Conservation efforts are in place for some species, but the secretive nature and venomous reputation of these snakes often hinder conservation efforts.

See Also

• Snake venom
• List of venomous snakes
• Herpetology