Viral arthritis

Viral arthritis is a type of arthritis that is caused by a virus. It is characterized by the inflammation of one or more joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and sometimes reduced movement. Unlike other forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, viral arthritis is typically acute, meaning it has a sudden onset but is usually temporary, resolving within days to weeks without causing permanent joint damage.

Causes

Viral arthritis can be caused by a variety of viruses, some of which include:

• Parvovirus B19, which is also known for causing fifth disease in children.
• Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses, which primarily affect the liver but can also lead to joint issues.
• Chikungunya virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, known for causing fever and joint pain.
• Alphaviruses, a group of viruses that can lead to symptoms similar to chikungunya.
• Rubella virus, which is more commonly associated with the rubella or German measles rash but can also cause arthritis, especially in adult women.

Symptoms

The symptoms of viral arthritis can vary depending on the causative virus but generally include:

• Joint pain and tenderness
• Swelling in the affected joints
• Stiffness, especially in the morning or after periods of inactivity
• Redness and warmth around the affected joints
• Fever and other systemic symptoms depending on the virus

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of viral arthritis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, and laboratory tests. Blood tests can be used to identify markers of inflammation, such as elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Specific tests for viral antibodies can help pinpoint the causative virus. In some cases, joint fluid analysis may be performed to rule out other causes of arthritis, such as bacterial infection or gout.

Treatment

Treatment for viral arthritis focuses on symptom management, as the condition often resolves on its own once the viral infection is cleared. Options include:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation
• Rest and physical therapy to maintain joint function and strength
• In cases of severe joint inflammation, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce symptoms

Prevention

Preventing viral arthritis involves minimizing exposure to the viruses that can cause it. This includes practicing good hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and staying up-to-date with vaccinations where available, such as the vaccine for rubella.

See also

• Infectious arthritis
• Rheumatology
• Virology