William Herschel

William Herschel - Symphony No. 15 - British Library Add MS 49626 f25r

William Herschel (15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-born British astronomer, composer, and telescope maker. He is best known for his discovery of the planet Uranus in 1781, the first new planet found since antiquity, and for his discovery of infrared radiation. Herschel's contributions to astronomy and the study of the universe were groundbreaking and paved the way for future astronomers.

Early Life

William Herschel was born in Hanover, Germany, in the Electorate of Hanover, which was then a part of the Holy Roman Empire. He moved to England in 1757, where he spent the majority of his life. Herschel developed an interest in astronomy after moving to England, and he began building his own telescopes to observe the night sky.

Astronomical Discoveries

Herschel's most significant contribution to astronomy was his discovery of Uranus, which expanded the known boundaries of the solar system for the first time in modern history. This discovery earned him significant recognition and he was appointed as the King's Astronomer by King George III. In addition to discovering Uranus, Herschel also discovered two of its major moons, Titania and Oberon, and two moons of Saturn, Mimas and Enceladus. His systematic and comprehensive surveys of the night sky also led to the discovery of numerous star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies.

Herschel is also credited with the discovery of infrared radiation. While observing the Sun through different colored filters, he noticed that the temperature just beyond the red part of the spectrum was higher than expected, leading to the discovery of a form of light that is not visible to the human eye.

Telescope Making

Herschel was also an accomplished telescope maker, and he constructed numerous telescopes of increasing size and power for his observations. His largest telescope, which was 40 feet in length with a 49-inch diameter mirror, was the largest telescope in the world at the time. Herschel's innovations in telescope design and construction significantly contributed to the advancement of astronomy.

Music and Other Interests

Before his achievements in astronomy, Herschel had a career as a musician. He was a composer, organist, and oboist, and he composed numerous musical works, including symphonies, concertos, and church music. Herschel's interest in mathematics and science also led him to study the mathematics of music and the physics of sound.

Legacy

William Herschel's discoveries and contributions to astronomy and science have had a lasting impact. He laid the groundwork for the field of sidereal astronomy, which focuses on the study of objects beyond the solar system. His work inspired future generations of astronomers, including his son, John Herschel, who also became a renowned astronomer. The William Herschel Telescope, located in the Canary Islands, is named in his honor, as is the Herschel Space Observatory, a European Space Agency space observatory that operated from 2009 to 2013.