Yōkyoku

KANZE Sakon Sumidagawa on radio

Yōkyoku is a traditional form of Japanese vocal music that forms the core of the classical Japanese musical drama known as Noh. Yōkyoku is characterized by its lyrical and poetic nature, often involving complex emotional expressions and a wide range of vocal techniques. This form of music plays a crucial role in conveying the story, emotions, and atmosphere within Noh performances, making it an integral part of Japan's cultural heritage.

History

Yōkyoku developed alongside the Noh theatre during the 14th and 15th centuries, under the patronage of the samurai class and the aristocracy. It was during this period that many of the classic Noh plays were written, and the music of Yōkyoku was refined to complement the dramatic narratives. The art form has been meticulously preserved through generations, with many pieces remaining unchanged for centuries.

Characteristics

Yōkyoku is notable for its unique vocal style, which differs significantly from Western singing techniques. The music relies heavily on the use of falsetto, vibrato, and a wide range of pitches and volumes to express the nuanced emotions and themes of Noh plays. The lyrics of Yōkyoku are poetic and often allude to classical literature, historical events, and philosophical concepts, requiring a deep understanding of Japanese culture and language to fully appreciate.

Instruments

The vocal performance in Yōkyoku is accompanied by a small ensemble of traditional Japanese instruments. The most common instruments include the shamisen, a three-stringed lute; the nohkan, a bamboo flute; and various types of drums such as the ōtsuzumi (hip drum), kotsuzumi (shoulder drum), and taiko (stick drum). These instruments provide a rhythmic and melodic foundation that supports the vocal lines and enhances the dramatic effect of the performance.

Performance

In a Noh performance, the Yōkyoku is performed by the main actor (shite) and the chorus (jiutai), which may consist of eight to ten singers. The chorus plays a vital role in the performance, providing background information, commenting on the action, and expressing the internal thoughts and emotions of the characters. The interaction between the soloist and the chorus, along with the instrumental accompaniment, creates a rich tapestry of sound that is both haunting and beautiful.

Preservation and Contemporary Relevance

Yōkyoku, along with the broader Noh theatre, has been designated as an Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO, highlighting its importance to the cultural heritage of humanity. Efforts to preserve Yōkyoku include the training of new performers, the transcription and study of classic works, and the promotion of Noh theatre to wider audiences both in Japan and internationally. Despite its ancient origins, Yōkyoku remains a living art form that continues to evolve and adapt to contemporary sensibilities, while still retaining its traditional essence.