Yellowhammer

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Emberiza citrinella -New Zealand -North Island-8

Emberiza citrinella LC229

Emberiza citrinella01

Shavington farmland

Emberiza citrinella MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.216 Le Monetier05

Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) is a small passerine bird in the bunting family that is native to Eurasia and introduced to New Zealand, Australia, and other parts of the world. The male yellowhammer has a bright yellow head, yellow underparts, and a brown back streaked with black, making it one of the more easily identifiable birds in its range. Females and young birds are less brightly colored but still show yellow tones. This species is found in a wide range of habitats, including farmland, hedgerows, and the edges of forests, where it feeds primarily on seeds but also consumes insects during the breeding season.

Description

The yellowhammer is a robust bird, approximately 16-16.5 cm in length, with a distinctive yellow head and underparts in the male. The female is more subdued in color but both sexes exhibit the characteristic bunting shape: a thick-set body, large head, and conical bill suited for seed eating. The song of the yellowhammer is a repetitive and melodious sequence of notes, often transcribed as "a little bit of bread and no cheese".

Habitat and Distribution

Yellowhammers are widespread across Europe and Asia, with their range extending from Great Britain and Ireland across to Siberia. They are resident and partial migrant birds; while some populations remain in their breeding territories year-round, others migrate to warmer regions during the winter. Their preferred habitats include open country with access to dense vegetation for nesting, such as agricultural land, hedgerows, and woodland edges.

Behaviour

Yellowhammers are ground feeders, primarily eating seeds and grains, but they will also consume insects, especially during the breeding season to feed their young. They are known for their distinctive feeding behavior, often seen foraging in pairs or small flocks. The breeding season begins in late April, with nests constructed close to the ground, hidden in dense vegetation. Females lay 3-5 eggs, which are incubated for 12-14 days.

Conservation Status

The yellowhammer has experienced declines in parts of its range, primarily due to changes in agricultural practices that have reduced the availability of seeds during the winter months. However, it is still classified as Least Concern (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), indicating it is not currently at significant risk of extinction.

Cultural Significance

The yellowhammer has been featured in folklore and poetry for centuries, often symbolizing happiness and abundance. Its bright coloration and cheerful song have made it a favorite among birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts.