Zonisamide
Overview of the use of Zonisamide in medical treatment
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Zonisamide is a medication primarily used as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of epilepsy. It is classified as a sulfonamide and is known for its anticonvulsant properties. Zonisamide is effective in managing partial seizures and is sometimes used off-label for other neurological conditions.
Pharmacology[edit | edit source]
Zonisamide works by stabilizing neuronal membranes and suppressing neuronal hypersynchronization through the inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels. It also modulates the release of neurotransmitters, which contributes to its anticonvulsant effects.
Indications[edit | edit source]
Zonisamide is indicated for the treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. It is often used in combination with other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) when monotherapy is insufficient.
Dosage and Administration[edit | edit source]
The dosage of zonisamide is typically individualized based on the patient's response and tolerance. It is usually started at a low dose and gradually increased. The medication is available in capsule form and is taken orally.
Side Effects[edit | edit source]
Common side effects of zonisamide include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Serious side effects can include metabolic acidosis, kidney stones, and severe skin reactions. Patients should be monitored for signs of depression or suicidal thoughts.
Contraindications[edit | edit source]
Zonisamide is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to sulfonamides. Caution is advised in patients with renal impairment or a history of kidney stones.
Mechanism of Action[edit | edit source]
Zonisamide's mechanism of action involves the blockade of sodium and calcium channels, which reduces the repetitive firing of neurons. It also has a weak inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase, which may contribute to its efficacy in seizure control.
Research and Development[edit | edit source]
Ongoing research is exploring the potential use of zonisamide in other neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and migraine prophylaxis. Its neuroprotective properties are also being investigated.
Also see[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
